Science X Newsletter Week 40

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for week 40:

	Stonehenge study upends a 100-year-old theory and suggests further discoveries to come A team led by researchers at the Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, UK, has discovered a secret about Stonehenge stone 80, also known as the "Altar Stone," suggesting it did not come from the same source as other stones used in the construction. Many of the smaller stones are believed to be derived from a source 140 miles away from Stonehenge, but the Altar Stone is different and may be from a quarry much further away.
	New research finds that ancient carbon in rocks releases as much carbon dioxide as the world's volcanoes A new study led by the University of Oxford has overturned the view that natural rock weathering acts as a CO2 sink, indicating instead that this can also act as a large CO2 source, rivaling that of volcanoes. The results, published today in the journal Nature, have important implications for modeling climate change scenarios.
	New technique based on 18th-century mathematics shows simpler AI models don't need deep learning Researchers from the University of Jyväskylä were able to simplify the most popular technique of artificial intelligence, deep learning, using 18th-century mathematics. They also found that classical training algorithms that date back 50 years work better than the more recently popular techniques. Their simpler approach advances green IT and is easier to use and understand.
	The end of genes: Routine test reveals unique divergence in genetic code Scientists testing a new method of sequencing single cells have unexpectedly changed our understanding of the rules of genetics.
	Plot thickens in the hunt for a ninth planet A pair of theoretical physicists are reporting that the same observations inspiring the hunt for a ninth planet might instead be evidence within the solar system of a modified law of gravity originally developed to understand the rotation of galaxies.
	Cell biologists identify new organelle present in mammalian cells made of rings of DNA Researchers at ETH Zurich recently identified a previously unknown compartment in mammalian cells. They have named it the exclusome. It is made up of DNA rings known as plasmids. The researchers have published details of their discovery in the journal Molecular Biology of the Cell.
	New 'assembly theory' unifies physics and biology to explain evolution and complexity An international team of researchers has developed a new theoretical framework that bridges physics and biology to provide a unified approach for understanding how complexity and evolution emerge in nature.
	Researchers catch protons in the act of dissociation with ultrafast 'electron camera' Scientists have caught fast-moving hydrogen atoms—the keys to countless biological and chemical reactions—in action.
	A prehistoric cosmic airburst preceded the advent of agriculture in the Levant Agriculture in Syria started with a bang 12,800 years ago as a fragmented comet slammed into the Earth's atmosphere. The explosion and subsequent environmental changes forced hunter-gatherers in the prehistoric settlement of Abu Hureyra to adopt agricultural practices to boost their chances for survival.
	Trio wins Nobel Prize in physics for split-second glimpse of superfast spinning world of electrons Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for giving us the first split-second glimpse into the superfast world of spinning electrons, a field that could one day lead to better electronics or disease diagnoses.
	Using air to deflect lasers Using a novel method, beams of laser light can be deflected using air alone. An invisible grating made only of air is not only immune to damage from the laser light, but it also preserves the original quality of the beam, reports an interdisciplinary research team in the journal Nature Photonics. The researchers have applied for a patent for their method.
	Bumble bees drop to shake off Asian hornets Bumble bees have a remarkably successful method for fighting off Asian hornets, new research shows.
	Life-size images of extinct camel species found carved into stones in Saudi Arabia An international team of archaeologists has discovered life-size images of an extinct camel species carved into rock formations in Saudia Arabia. In their project, reported in the journal Archaeological Research in Asia, the group discovered the carvings on a rock outcropping in the Nefud desert.
	Nobel chemistry winner flunked first college chemistry exam Talk about bouncing back. MIT professor Moungi Bawendi is a co-winner of this year's Nobel chemistry prize for helping develop "quantum dots"—nanoparticles that are now found in next generation TV screens and help illuminate tumors within the body.
	Mathematical bedtime stories may build better mathematical memory Researchers Jayne Spiller and Camilla Gilmore at the Center for Mathematical Cognition, University of Loughborough, U.K., have investigated the intersection of sleep and mathematical memory, finding that sleep after learning improves recall.
	Scientists unlock the secrets of a sixth basic flavor Japanese scientist Kikunae Ikeda first proposed umami as a basic taste—in addition to sweet, sour, salty and bitter—in the early 1900s. About eight decades later, the scientific community officially agreed with him.
	Trio wins Nobel Prize in chemistry for work on quantum dots, used in electronics and medical imaging Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in chemistry Wednesday for their work on quantum dots—tiny particles just a few nanometers in diameter that can release very bright colored light and whose applications in everyday life include electronics and medical imaging.
	Instant evolution: AI designs new robot from scratch in seconds A team led by Northwestern University researchers has developed the first artificial intelligence (AI) to date that can intelligently design robots from scratch.
	US drinking water often contains toxic contaminants, scientist warns Most Americans take it for granted that the water that comes out of their taps is clean and safe to drink.
	DNA from discarded whale bones suggests loss of genetic diversity due to commercial whaling Commercial whaling in the 20th century decimated populations of large whales but also appears to have had a lasting impact on the genetic diversity of today's surviving whales, new research from Oregon State University shows.

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