Science X Newsletter Thu, Oct 12

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for October 12, 2023:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Highly performing metal halide perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air

Anthropogenic aerosols could delay enhanced monsoon precipitation by decades

European astronomers explore galaxy cluster G113

Elevating neuromorphic computing using laser-controlled filaments in vanadium dioxide

State-estimation method allows for efficient forecasts without details of underlying model

Simulations of 'backwards time travel' can improve scientific experiments

Neanderthals hunted dangerous cave lions, study shows

Study finds we can respond to verbal stimuli while sleeping

Restoring nerve-muscle connections boosts strength of aging mice, study finds

Flooding that closed Alaska's Dalton Highway also caused widespread ground sinking

A better 'map' of the lights you see when you close your eyes can improve 'bionic eye' outcomes

New research shows why hunting for the cheapest plane ticket is a waste of your time

Big blood savings: Large trial shows taking less blood for lab testing reduces transfusions in intensive care

Scientists generate first single-cell atlas of the primate brain

Coffee and cocoa plants at risk from pollinator loss

Nanotechnology news

	Morpho butterfly nanostructure inspires technology for bright, balanced lighting As you watch Morpho butterflies wobble in flight, shimmering in vivid blue color, you're witnessing an uncommon form of structural color that researchers are only beginning to use in lighting technologies such as optical diffusers. Furthermore, imparting a self-cleaning capability to such diffusers would minimize soiling and staining and maximize practical utility.
	Surprising discovery shows electron beam radiation can repair nanostructures In a surprising new study, researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities have found that the electron beam radiation that they previously thought degraded crystals can actually repair cracks in these nanostructures.
	Researchers develop tiny nanoSABERs to aid battle against cancer When Jedi Knights need to vanquish an enemy, they whip out their trusty lightsabers. In the future, thanks to Johns Hopkins researchers, doctors seeking to crush cancer may wield minuscule molecular nanoSABERs that allow them to look at tumors in ways never before possible.

Physics news

	Elevating neuromorphic computing using laser-controlled filaments in vanadium dioxide In a new Science Advances study, scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China have developed a dynamic network structure using laser-controlled conducting filaments for neuromorphic computing.
	Simulations of 'backwards time travel' can improve scientific experiments Physicists have shown that simulating models of hypothetical time travel can solve experimental problems that appear impossible to solve using standard physics.
	Scientists develop theorem to calculate fuel economy of a microswimmer The amount of power a microswimmer needs to move can now be determined more easily. Scientists from the department Living Matter Physics at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS) developed a general theorem to calculate the minimal energy required for propulsion. These insights allow a profound understanding for practical applications, such as targeted transport of molecules and substrates.
	Self-correcting quantum computers within reach? Quantum computers promise to reach speeds and efficiencies impossible for even the fastest supercomputers of today. Yet the technology hasn't seen much scale-up and commercialization largely due to its inability to self-correct. Quantum computers, unlike classical ones, cannot correct errors by copying encoded data over and over. Scientists had to find another way.
	A new way to erase quantum computer errors Quantum computers of the future hold promise in solving all sorts of problems. For example, they could lead to more sustainable materials and new medicines, and even crack the hardest problems in fundamental physics. But compared to the classical computers in use today, rudimentary quantum computers are more prone to errors. Wouldn't it be nice if researchers could just take out a special quantum eraser and get rid of the mistakes?
	Researchers develop a novel method to study nuclear reactions on short-lived isotopes involved in explosions of stars The nuclear reactions that power stellar explosions involve short-lived nuclei that are hard to study in the laboratory. To solve this challenge, researchers used a novel technique that combines an Active Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC) with a magnetic spectrometer. The work has been published in Physical Review Letters.
	Widely tuneable terahertz lasers boost photo-induced superconductivity in K₃C₆₀ Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) in Hamburg, Germany, have long been exploring the effect of using tailored laser drives to manipulate the properties of quantum materials away from equilibrium. One of the most striking demonstrations of these physics has been in unconventional superconductors, where signatures of enhanced electronic coherences and super-transport have been documented in the resulting non-equilibrium states.
	High-speed electro-optic modulation in topological interface states of a one-dimensional lattice Electro-optic modulators, which convert signals from the electrical to the optical domain, are at the heart of optical communications, terahertz wireless communications, microwave signal processing, and quantum technology. Next-generation electro-optic modulators require high-density integration, compact footprints, large bandwidths, and low power consumption. They are challenging to achieve with established integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) or microring devices.
	Uncovering the secrets of spin-orbit optical Rabi oscillations The Rabi oscillation has been proven to be one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics, triggering substantial investigations in different disciplines including atomic and molecular physics, acoustics, and optics. Various important applications have been demonstrated, ranging from nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to quantum information processing.
	Phonon engineering for extended lasing beyond the fluorescence spectrum The electron and phonon are two fundamental particles (quasi-particles) of condensed matter and their interplay in single crystals can create many interesting physical phenomena, such as polaritons, charge density waves and up-conversion fluorescence. In laser crystal, the electronic transitions of an active ion can be manipulated by its surrounding lattice vibrations, whereby the emitting photon energy gradually decreases or increases by the creation or annihilation of quantized phonons.

Earth news

	Anthropogenic aerosols could delay enhanced monsoon precipitation by decades Earth's atmosphere contains fine particles suspended in the air, known as aerosols, occurring from natural sources, such as dust from deserts, volcanic ash, smoke from forest fires, sea salt from ocean spray and organic compounds from vegetation. While these occur at background levels, aerosol release is being exacerbated by anthropogenic activities.
	Flooding that closed Alaska's Dalton Highway also caused widespread ground sinking The massive 2015 flooding of the Sagavanirktok River in northern Alaska had immediate impacts, including closure of the Dalton Highway for several days, but it also contributed to longer-term ground subsidence in the permafrost-rich region.
	Over 40% of Antarctica's ice shelves reduced in volume over 25 years, scientists say According to scientists, 71 of the 162 ice shelves that surround Antarctica have reduced in volume over 25 years from 1997 to 2021, with a net release of 7.5 trillion metric tons of meltwater into the oceans. The work is published in the journal Science Advances.
	How are governments, organizations and individuals dealing with the effects of global warming? Viewed globally, it is above all individuals and households that are pursuing adaptation to the impacts of climate change; systematic networking of the various groups affected is lacking. This is the conclusion reached by an international team of experts from Universität Hamburg's Cluster of Excellence for climate research (CLICCS) and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU). Their meta-study was released in the journal Nature Climate Change.
	Likelihood of hail in Australia has changed substantially over the last four decades Understanding how hailstorm frequency has changed over time can help us build resilience against future hail events.
	Scientists find oxygen levels increased during boom in ancient marine life Florida State University scientists have uncovered answers to a conundrum in Earth's history: Why did marine life experience an extraordinary boom millions of years ago?
	Cleaner snow boosts future snowpack predictions Less pollution settling into snow should help cut the decline of snowpack in the Northern Hemisphere later this century. Though the snowpack will still diminish due to rising temperatures, the outlook is less dire when the cleaner snow of the future is considered.
	WWF urges end to deadlock on new Antarctic reserves Members of a multinational group on Antarctic conservation must end a years-long deadlock and agree on new marine reserves in the region as sea-ice shrinks to record lows, the WWF urged Wednesday.
	New Antarctic observing system proposed Scientists have proposed a new ocean–sea ice–atmosphere observing system between the Ross Sea and Casey station, to monitor changes in this understudied part of Antarctica's ice-covered marine environment.
	Archaeologists dive into Florida's past and find lessons on adapting to future sea rise Unlike almost any other archaeologist on earth, Jessi Halligan does her digging underwater.
	Q&A: What is a strong El Niño? Meteorologists anticipate a big impact in winter 2023, but the forecasts don't all agree Winter is still weeks away, but meteorologists are already talking about a snowy winter ahead in the southern Rockies and the Sierra Nevada. They anticipate more storms in the U.S. South and Northeast, and warmer, drier conditions across the already dry Pacific Northwest and the upper Midwest.
	Here's what's driving the record autumn heat (it's not just carbon emissions) Climate scientists have detected a striking jump in global temperatures during 2023. September was 1.75°C above Earth's pre-industrial average temperature and a whole half-degree Celsius warmer than the previous hottest September.
	Close connectivity within the North Atlantic current system identified Researchers from the University of Bremen and the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency have compared long-term data on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation from two different latitudes and discovered a statistical correlation. Their aim was to investigate how the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has developed over a period of 25 years, based on moored observation stations.
	Inferring wildfire intensity from quartz luminescence On 8 June 2020, the Mangum Fire ignited 16 miles north of the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park. By the time it was mostly contained, about a month later, the fire had burned over 70,000 acres of land.
	New map shows how climate change affects your community and its vulnerability to weather Across the globe, the past few years have been characterized by scorching summers that endanger the health of outdoor workers and biting winters that often freeze pipes and other critical infrastructure.
	Fiji minister urges 'quicker' plastic pollution treaty The world must move faster on a plastic pollution treaty that is currently not expected to be finalized before the end of next year, Fiji's deputy prime minister told an international summit on Thursday.
	Examining the double-edged methane emissions from dairy cattle farms Intensive dairy cattle farming is a significant source of methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas, that contributes to global warming and thus climate change. A study in the International Journal of Global Warming has looked at emissions in part of Turkey from 2016 to 2020 to determine what might be done to reduce emissions of this gas.
	Addressing antimicrobial resistance in Australian water sources "Measuring, Managing, Mitigating: Gaining a One Health Perspective on Removing Antimicrobial Residues from Water," a white paper released today by Shawview Consulting, provides recommendations aimed at addressing the critical role of water in preventing a scenario where simple infections could become deadly again and certain surgeries might become too risky to perform.
	What tiny fossils can tell us about the changing climate Adriane Lam's research allows scientists to more accurately predict future climate and zoological changes as the Earth continues to warm.

Astronomy and Space news

	European astronomers explore galaxy cluster G113 Using ESA's XMM-Newton satellite and the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), a team of European astronomers has explored a galaxy cluster known as PSZ2G113.91-37.01 (or G113 for short). Results of the observational campaign, presented in a paper published October 5 on the pre-print server arXiv, shed more light on the properties and nature of this cluster.
	One small step towards lunar roads, a potentially giant leap for creating infrastructure on the moon It may be possible to create paved roads and landing pads on the moon by using lasers to melt lunar soil into a more solid, layered substance, reports a proof-of-concept study in Scientific Reports. Although these experiments were carried out on Earth using a substitute for lunar dust, these findings demonstrate the viability of the technique and suggest it could be replicated on the moon. However, further work may be needed to refine the process, according to the authors.
	'A new lens' into the universe's most energetic particles Showers in bathrooms bring us comfort; showers from space bring astrophysicists joy. Osaka Metropolitan University scientists have observed, with their novel method, cosmic-ray extensive air showers with unprecedented precision, opening the door to new insights into the universe's most energetic particles. When a high energy cosmic ray collides with the Earth's atmosphere, it generates an enormous number of particles known as an extensive air shower.
	A new theory to explain Abell 3827's hazy and askew gravitationally lensed galaxies A trio of astrophysicists, two from Carnegie Mellon University and the third from Bahamas Advanced Study Institute and Conferences, is proposing a new theory to explain the unique lensing seen with Abell 3827—a galaxy cluster approximately 1.3 billion light-years away. In their paper published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Joyce Lin, Richard Griffiths and Jenny Wagner, describe their new theory and explain how it might help better understand the nature of dark matter.
	Galactic archaeology uncovers the dramatic history of our next-door neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy Research led by the University of Hertfordshire has revealed the dramatic history of Andromeda, our nearest neighboring galaxy. Using state-of-the-art modeling, Professor Chiaki Kobayashi and a team of international astrophysicists have determined details about the galaxy's history through galactic archaeology—an approach that examines the chemical composition of stars and the development of their host galaxy, to reconstruct its past.
	NASA set to journey to a metal-rich asteroid It's a world like no other: a metal-rich asteroid that could be the remnants of a small planet, or perhaps an entirely new type of celestial body unknown to science.
	What would it take to see exoplanet volcanoes? Even with the clearest image from the best telescope in the world, astronomers still won't know what they're looking at. It takes a fundamental understanding of physics, particularly how light works, to glean scientific data from the images that telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) capture.
	Extremely massive white dwarf escaped from the Hyades star cluster, study says The Hyades star cluster is only about 153 light-years away. At that short distance away, it's visible with the unaided eye in the constellation Taurus. Its proximity gives professional astronomers an easier time observing it than many other objects of interest. Hyades contains hundreds of stars with similar ages—about 625 million years—similar metallicities and similar motions through space.
	Afterglow of explosive collision between giant planets may have been detected in far-off star system The afterglow of a massive collision between two giant planets may have been detected for the first time. The wreckage of the collision could eventually cool and form an entirely new planet. If the observation is confirmed, it provides an amazing opportunity to watch the birth of a new world in real time and open a window into how planets form.
	Astronomers have learned lots about the universe—but how do they study astronomical objects too distant to visit? NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft flew by Earth on Sept. 24, 2023, dropping off its sample of dust and pebbles gathered from the surface of near-Earth asteroid Bennu.
	Sensitive instruments to explore metal-rich asteroid At the very center of the Earth is a core of metal—so hot and so deep down as to be unreachable and impossible to study directly. But we might learn more about it and the cores of other Earth-like planets by studying the asteroid Psyche. Based on observations made through telescopes, it is believed to consist of 60% metal, probably an iron and nickel alloy. Looking a bit like a potato and measuring about 150x250 km, Psyche may be the innermost core of a planet that, following a violent collision with another object, was stripped of its outer crust.
	China is planning to double the size of its space station The International Space Station (ISS) will be retired in 2030 after more than 32 years of continuous service. Naturally, there are questions regarding what will replace this station, which has served as a bastion for vital research and inter-agency cooperation in space. In the past, China has indicated that their Tiangong ("heavenly palace") space station will be a successor and rival to the ISS, offering astronauts from other nations an alternative platform to conduct research in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). As part of this plan, China recently announced plans to double the size of Tiangong in the coming years.
	A sneak peek at the next generation Very Large Array's new antennae The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) recently disclosed a prototype radio telescope antennae for its next generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) to a group of press, scientists, engineers, and government and business leaders from the United States and Germany at the end of a workshop held at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences in Leipzig.
	Five things to know about NASA's mission to a metal world For the first time ever, a NASA probe is set to journey to an object composed not of rock, ice, or gas, but metal: the asteroid Psyche.

Technology news

	Highly performing metal halide perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air Metal halide perovskites, solution-processable materials with advantageous optoelectronic properties, have recently emerged as suitable candidates for developing photovoltaic technology. Recent studies demonstrated metal halide perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 25.8%, which are within the range of some solar technologies on the market today.
	Nanoelectronic device performs real-time AI classification without relying on the cloud Forget the cloud. Northwestern University engineers have developed a new nanoelectronic device that can perform accurate machine-learning classification tasks in the most energy-efficient manner yet. Using 100-fold less energy than current technologies, the device can crunch large amounts of data and perform artificial intelligence (AI) tasks in real time without beaming data to the cloud for analysis.
	Promising material provides a simple, effective method capable of extracting uranium from seawater An Australian-led international research team, including a core group of ANSTO scientists, has found that doping a promising material provides a simple, effective method capable of extracting uranium from seawater.
	New cyber algorithm shuts down malicious robotic attack Australian researchers have designed an algorithm that can intercept a man-in-the-middle (MitM) cyberattack on an unmanned military robot and shut it down in seconds.
	New AI-driven tool streamlines experiments Researchers at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have demonstrated a new approach to peer deeper into the complex behavior of materials. The team harnessed the power of machine learning to interpret coherent excitations, collective swinging of atomic spins within a system.
	Revolutionizing energy storage: Metal nanoclusters for stable lithium–sulfur batteries The demand for efficient energy storage systems is ever increasing, especially due to the recent emergence of intermittent renewable energy and the adoption of electric vehicles. In this regard, lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), which can store three to five times more energy than traditional lithium-ion batteries, have emerged as a promising solution.
	Research unveils stretchable high-resolution user-interactive synesthesia displays for visual–acoustic encryption The future of human-machine interfaces is on the cusp of a revolution with the unveiling of a groundbreaking technology—a stretchable high-resolution multicolor synesthesia display that generates synchronized sound and light as input/output sources. A research team, led by Professor Moon Kee Choi in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UNIST, has succeeded in developing this cutting-edge display using transfer-printing techniques, propelling the field of multifunctional displays into new realms of possibility.
	New catalyst could provide liquid hydrogen fuel of the future Researchers at Lund University in Sweden are investigating a car fuel comprised of a liquid that is converted to hydrogen by a solid catalyst. The used liquid is then emptied from the tank and charged with hydrogen, after which it can be used again in a circular system that is free from greenhouse gas emissions.
	$9.5 bn of key metals in overlooked electronic waste: UN Consumers discard or possess disused electronic goods containing raw materials critical for the green energy transition and worth almost $10 billion every year, the United Nations said on Thursday.
	Japanese automaker Toyota and energy company Idemitsu to cooperate on EV battery technology Japan's top automaker Toyota agreed Thursday to work with Idemitsu, a major Japanese oil company, on technology for mass production of solid-state batteries that promise to be a key component in future electric vehicles.
	Microsoft fights $29 bn US back tax claim The US Internal Revenue Service is asking that Microsoft pay a whopping $29 billion in unpaid taxes from 2004 to 2013, the company said in an official filing on Wednesday.
	Sony's Access controller for the PlayStation aims to make gaming easier for people with disabilities Paul Lane uses his mouth, cheek and chin to push buttons and guide his virtual car around the "Gran Turismo" racetrack on the PlayStation 5. It's how he's been playing for the past 23 years, after a car accident left him unable to use his fingers.
	Stockholm to ban gasoline and diesel cars from downtown commercial area in 2025 A ban on gasoline and diesel-fueled cars from a commercial district of Stockholm's downtown in 2025 will be the first for a European capital, a city official said Thursday.
	Study finds effects of car preheating on vehicle fuel consumption and emissions are minimal Published in Applied Energy, a new study by the University of Eastern Finland and Tampere University found that the benefits of car preheating for both fuel economy and emissions are minimal. The researchers focused on vehicle fuel consumption and emissions under cold winter conditions. Of particular interest were cold start emissions and their relation to preheating.
	A successful energy transition depends on managing when people use power. How to make demand more flexible? Energy security concerns are mounting as renewable projects and transmission lines are delayed.
	How drone submarines are turning the seabed into a future battlefield A 12-ton fishing boat weighs anchor three kilometers off the port of Adelaide. A small crew huddles over a miniature submarine, activates the controls, primes the explosives, and releases it into the water. The underwater drone uses sensors and sonar to navigate towards its pre-programmed target: the single, narrow port channel responsible for the state's core fuel supply.
	Team develops platform for design of hydropower hub buildings A research team has developed a platform based on building information modeling (BIM) technology for use in the design of hydropower hub buildings. The platform, called HydroBIM, combines BIM technology with geographic information systems, computer-aided engineering, internet of things, artificial intelligence, and other technologies. The HydroBIM platform provides a comprehensive approach to digital design, intelligent construction, and smart operation of hydropower engineering projects.
	Stronger lithium batteries may need 'weaker' solvation structure, researchers report Lithium batteries power our phones, computers, many of our cars and even our drills and weedwhackers. But as technology advances, can they keep up in their current format? No, but there is a way forward, according to a new review paper from researchers at Hong Kong Polytechnic University, by further developing the electrolytes that allow for energy storage and discharge.
	New algorithms for intelligent and efficient robot navigation among the crowd Service robots have started to appear in various daily tasks such as parcel delivery, as guide dogs for the visually impaired, as public servants at airports, or as seen in Joensuu: in the inspection of construction works. Robots are able to move in different ways: on legs, on wheels or by flying. They know the shortest or easiest route to the destination. A guide dog can search for bus schedules or even order a taxi when needed.
	Floating offshore wind could bring billions in value to the US West Coast, report shows A new report from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory shows that along a 200-mile stretch of ocean off the coast of southern Oregon and northern California, floating wind farms could potentially triple the Pacific Northwest's wind power capacity while offsetting potentially billions of dollars in costs for utilities, ratepayers, insurance companies, and others across the West who bear the cost of climate change's effects.
	AI researchers expose critical vulnerabilities within major large language models Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Bard have taken the world by storm this year, with companies investing millions to develop these AI tools, and some leading AI chatbots being valued in the billions.
	Study explores ways to make PVC windows warmer and add recyclable components PVC window frames rely on a metal scaffold for stability. But what if another strong material with lower heat conductivity was used in place of the metal? This would improve the overall thermal insulation of the window and its energy efficiency, making homes warmer and friendlier to the environment. A common manufacturing technique that could produce such alternative scaffold elements has been tested and refined in a study by Skoltech researchers, published in Materials & Design.
	Plastic production via advanced recycling lowers greenhouse gas emissions Producing new plastic by advanced recycling of post-use plastic (PUP), instead of fossil-based production, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and increase the U.S. recycling rate, according to research by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory. The life cycle analysis study appears in the November 2023 issue of Journal of Cleaner Production.
	EasyJet announces major Airbus deal as sector recovers British no-frills carrier EasyJet on Thursday said it had reached a deal worth close to $20 billion for 157 Airbus planes and alterations to a previous order with the European planemaker as the sector recovers from the pandemic.
	South Korea's Amkor opens $1.6 bn chip factory in Vietnam South Korean semiconductor giant Amkor opened a new $1.6 billion packaging factory in Vietnam on Thursday, as the Southeast Asian nation looks to cash in on the global rush for microchips.
	EU orders US biotech firms to unwind $7 bn merger The European Commission on Thursday ordered US biotech giant Illumina to unwind its $7 billion purchase of cancer test pioneer GRAIL that it argues stifles competition in a key emerging public health domain.
	Musk's X rebuffs EU on disinfo alarm over Hamas-Israel conflict Elon Musk's social media platform "X" has defended itself against claims from the European Union that it is failing to tackle disinformation around the Gaza-Israel conflict.
	EU warns TikTok over 'illegal content and disinformation' The EU's top tech enforcer, Commissioner Thierry Breton, warned TikTok on Thursday over "illegal content and disinformation" on its platform, following the bloody attack by Hamas in Israel.
	Commentary: Prime Day buyers, beware. Amazon makes it hard to find the best deals Amazon is under U.S. prosecution by the Federal Trade Commission and state attorneys general for raising consumer prices and using hardball tactics with merchants. But even if the recent lawsuit against Amazon is successful, Amazon engages in an array of manipulative practices that it can deploy without monopoly power. Like most companies, from auto dealers to banks, it employs an arsenal of tactics that exploit human psychology to steer consumers toward higher-priced items.
	150 GHz antenna-on-chip transmitter IC chip for beyond 5G/6G radio equipment NEC Corporation has developed a 150 GHz transmitter IC chip and supporting technologies in preparation for Beyond 5G and 6G mobile access radio communication systems. According to an NEC survey, this is the first demonstration of preferred beam steering performance with 4-channel Antenna-on-Chip (AoC) IC technology using On the Air (OTA) radiation pattern measurement.
	Sam Bankman-Fried's lawyer struggles in cross-examination of the government's key witness Sam Bankman-Fried's lawyer struggled through a meandering cross-examination of the FTX founder's former girlfriend Thursday, keeping both the judge and the public guessing as to the defense team's strategy in countering the testimony of the government's key witness.
	EU to investigate Musk's X for potential Hamas-Israel conflict disinfo The European Commission said Thursday it is opening an investigation into Elon Musk's social media platform X, formerly Twitter, to determine if it has allowed the spread of disinformation about the conflict in the Middle East.
	Delta profits jump as international travel stays strong Delta Air Lines reported surging quarterly earnings amid persistently strong demand, while acknowledging a drag from strikes in the US auto and entertainment sectors.

Chemistry news

	An electrical switch to control chemical reactions New pharmaceuticals, cleaner fuels, biodegradable plastics: in order to meet society's needs, chemists have to develop new synthesis methods to obtain new products that do not exist in their natural state.
	Shining light on the radical production of DNA building blocks Despite its fundamental role in biology and extensive studies over half a century, many aspects of how DNA's building blocks are formed remain unclear. Now, an international team of scientists has revealed valuable details about this intricate process.
	New technology for customized air purification of toxic gases Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in daily products such as paints, adhesives, furniture, cosmetics, and deodorants make our lives easier. However, constant exposure can cause serious health problems such as respiratory illness, headaches, dermatitis, and cancer.
	Scientists unlock the secrets of nitrogen's solid phase In a groundbreaking study now published in the journal Nature Communications, the mysteries of nitrogen's solid phases have been solved, shedding light on its complex behavior.
	Chiral AuCu heterostructures with site-specific geometric control and tailored plasmonic chirality Artificially-engineered chiral materials with exceptional light-manipulating capabilities show significantly-enhanced chiroptical response and capability of light manipulation, which have emerged as a promising chiral platform for applications in biosensing, catalysis, and photonics.
	Polyoxometalates and ionic liquid enhance solid-state lithium-ion electrolyte performance Solid-state lithium-ion batteries depend on the movement of ions (charged atoms) in the solid, rather than liquid, state to either charge or discharge the battery. These solid-state electrolytes are safer, more cost efficient and capable of higher energy densities than batteries that rely on liquid electrolyte solutions, but suffer from low ionic conductivity, or movement of ions, and poor thermal stability.
	A self-wrinkling coating for impact resistance and mechanical enhancement Polymer coating is widely used as a protective layer in various fields such as surface anti-corrosion, anti-penetration and anti-impact. How to enhance the mechanical properties of coatings such as impact resistance is important but challenging, under the condition of the existing materials systems and processes.

Biology news

	Scientists generate first single-cell atlas of the primate brain A longstanding mystery in science is how the over 100 million individual neurons work together to form a network that forms the basis of who we are—every human thought, emotion and behavior.
	Coffee and cocoa plants at risk from pollinator loss Tropical crops such as coffee, cocoa, watermelon and mango may be at risk due to the loss of insect pollinators, finds a new study led by UCL and Natural History Museum researchers.
	Gray whales experience major population swings as a result of Arctic conditions, research shows Dynamic and changing Arctic Ocean conditions likely caused three major mortality events in the eastern North Pacific gray whale population since the 1980s, a new study has found.
	A new era in brain science: Researchers unveil human brain cell atlas Salk Institute researchers, as part of a larger collaboration with research teams around the world, analyzed more than half a million brain cells from three human brains to assemble an atlas of hundreds of cell types that make up a human brain in unprecedented detail.
	HPV discovery yields breakthrough in understanding protein activity A new study led by Yale scientists shows that the activity of a portion of a human papillomavirus (HPV) protein does not depend on its amino acid sequence or composition. This discovery challenges the widely held belief that protein function is solely determined by a specific amino acid sequence.
	Researchers model cell behavior called 'coiling' to understand cancer dynamics In any fight, knowing your enemy is critical to staging a defense. The fight to stop cancer or to accelerate wound healing is no exception. The research teams at Virginia Tech and the Weizmann Institute of Israel, along with partners worldwide, are pursuing a deeper understanding of how cells move and spread throughout a living body.
	Using DNA sequencing to show how marine worms adapt to deep-sea conditions Maeva Perez is fascinated by marine worms. Her first encounter with these cold-blooded invertebrates dates back to her time at the University of Victoria, in British Columbia, where she was completing a master's in biology. Her thesis was on the symbiotic relationship between a species of marine worm and the bacteria in its environment that helped the worm adapt to a seemingly inhospitable ecosystem at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
	Scientists unlock biological secrets of the aging process How we grow old gracefully—and whether we can do anything to slow down the process—has long been a fascination of humanity. However, despite continued research the answer to how we can successfully combat aging still remains elusive.
	Optimizing the Tet-On system for homogeneous iPSC myogenic differentiation In a recent study published in iScience, researchers have optimized the Tet-On system to improve the efficiency of generating skeletal muscle cells and other differentiated cell types from iPSCs for various basic and clinical research purposes. The team was led by Associate Professor Hidetoshi Sakurai (Department of Clinical Application) and Associate Professor Knut Woltjen (Department of Life Science Frontiers).
	Extreme habitats: Microbial life in Old Faithful Geyser An eruption of Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park is a sight to behold. Indeed, millions of tourists flock to the park each year to see it. Hot water and steam are ejected in the air to a height of 100–180 feet approximately every 90 minutes. Many adjectives come to mind to describe it: powerful, mesmerizing, unique, otherworldly . . . homey? Not so much.
	Programmed cell death may be 1.8 billion years old Apoptosis, often referred to as programmed cell death, is a fundamental process crucial to the growth and development of multicellular organisms. This process, or a primordial form of it, is also observed in single-celled eukaryotes like yeast and other microeukaryotes (aka protists).
	Proof-of-concept method advances bioprocess engineering for a smoother transition to biofuels One of the primary goals of bioprocess engineering is to increase the yield of the desired material while maintaining high production rates and low raw material utilization. This optimization is usually accomplished by controlling the behavior of microorganisms used in the process and ensuring that their biological capabilities are fully utilized.
	Extraordinary fossil find reveals details about the weight and diet of extinct saber-toothed marsupial Recent paleontological explorations in the Tatacoa Desert in Colombia led to the recovery of the most complete skeleton of a "saber-toothed marsupial" discovered in northern South America. The specimen belongs to the species Anachlysictis gracilis, which is part of a group of extinct predatory mammals known as sparassodonts, that lived in South America during the Cenozoic, after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
	Young frogs may camouflage selves as animal poo: study The young offspring of a frog native to Southeast Asia display an "unusual color pattern", probably to camouflage themselves "as animal droppings" to escape predators, according to a study.
	Scientists decipher a central mechanism of energy production in the human body Some two and a half thousand years ago, the Chinese general Sun Tzu wrote in the Art of War, "Know your enemy and know yourself, then you need not fear the outcome of a hundred battles." And what applied to the battlefields of ancient China also seems to apply in biomedical research.
	Honey bees may inherit altruistic behavior from their mothers True altruism is rare behavior in animals, but a new study by Penn State researchers has found that honey bees display this trait. Additionally, they found that an evolutionary battle of genetics may determine the parent from whom they inherit it.
	200-year-old DNA helps map tiny fly's genetic course to new lands, modern times When Carl Fredrik Fallén, for one—and later Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt—were collecting insects for what would become Lund University's entomological collections, they wondered exactly what was that buzzing coming from their can of raisins.
	Experts call for just and fair transition away from industrial meat production and consumption A team of scientists has presented a five-step approach to through which governments can plan a transition away from high levels of industrial meat production and consumption that is fair and just for affected stakeholders.
	First genetic causes of Raynaud's phenomenon discovered Two to five percent of all people are affected by Raynaud's phenomenon: In cold or stressful conditions, the small blood vessels that supply the skin constrict and the fingers or toes turn white. First described by Maurice Raynaud in 1862, scientists from the Berlin Institute of Health at the Charité (BIH), together with colleagues from the United Kingdom, have only now discovered a common genetic causes of the disease and published it in the journal Nature Communications.
	Will Florida manatees be listed as an endangered species again? In the wake of thousands of Florida manatee deaths in recent years, federal wildlife officials announced they will launch a new scientific review to determine whether the animal should be reclassified as an endangered species.
	Cow manure to synthetic gas: How can we optimize the process? The overuse of fossil fuels has led to pollution that has become a globally recognized environmental problem. Therefore, adjusting the energy structure and gradually reducing the use of traditional fossil fuels such as oil and coal while developing green, low-carbon, and sustainable energy sources has become a hot topic in recent years.
	Toward a global scientific consensus: Identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems through imagery The scientific community is taking a significant step toward establishing a consensus on the designation of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) from imagery data, as highlighted in the new article titled "Towards a scientific community consensus on designating Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems from imagery," authored by Dr. Amy R. Baco and colleagues and published in PeerJ Life & Environment.
	How, and why, did homosexual behavior evolve in humans and other animals? Since gay couples have fewer children, the high frequency of same-sex relationships in humans is puzzling from an evolutionary point of view. Perhaps there are social advantages such relationships confer on a group, or perhaps "gay genes" are selected for other reasons.
	New synthetic horseshoe crab blood alternatives could mean pharma won't bleed this unique species dry If you have ever gotten a vaccine or received an intravenous drug and did not come down with a potentially life-threatening fever, you can thank a horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).
	Preventing pet intoxication Our furry friends have curious natures, and even though we try our best to keep them safe and healthy, they may still get into trouble when they unknowingly eat human medications or other common household items that are toxic to them.
	Salmon that eat salmon are more environmentally friendly, researchers say Using a larger proportion of each individual salmon here in Norway will make the aquaculture industry less dependent on importing ingredients for salmon feed. Using locally produced raw materials is also good for the environment.
	Stress wrecks male big brown bat fertility during breeding season Even on a good day the environment can be wildly unpredictable, from unexpected gusts of wind to food scarcity, and as humans continue to edge out the natural world, the stress on wild populations is increasing.
	Researcher discusses CRISPR-Cas3 as a DNA shredder for gene therapy Over the past decade, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has revolutionized science. It has been lauded as a breakthrough in biogenetics and medicine, with the potential to treat or eliminate many chronic or genetic diseases.
	Examining size growth of marine crocodiles in the Jurassic period The State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart has a globally important collection of marine reptiles with numerous specimens from the time of the so-called Posidonia Shale. The outstanding feature of the ca. 183-182 million year old fossils from southwestern Germany is their extremely good, often complete preservation.
	Size matters: How body size shapes dogs' aging patterns Smaller dogs may live twice as long life as their larger counterparts. But does this size difference also impact how dogs age in terms of behavior and cognitive abilities? Based on the data of 15,000 dogs, researchers from ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, found that larger dogs experience an earlier onset of age-related decline (at around 7–8 years of age versus 10–11 years in smaller dogs), but also a slower decline rate compared to smaller dogs.
	An extensive database for advancing Mindanao Island's biodiversity The Philippine Archipelago, with more than 7,100 islands, has one of the highest levels of endemism globally and is a hotspot for biodiversity conservation. Mindanao, the second largest group of islands in the country, is a treasure trove of terrestrial species, boasting one of the highest densities of unique flora and fauna on the planet. However, despite its ecological significance, comprehensive biodiversity records and data for the region have remained inaccessible until now.
	Flagship individual animals found to boost conservation efforts "Flagship" individual animals like Cecil the lion or Freya the walrus can boost conservation, new research suggests.
	'Cuter in real life': South Korea names its twin panda 'treasures' South Korea got its first up-close look at its new pair of baby giant pandas Thursday at a name-revealing ceremony that doubled as an early celebration of the 100 days since their birth.
	Kenyan court dismisses challenge over GM crops A Kenyan court on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit challenging a government decision to allow the importation and cultivation of genetically modified crops to help combat its food crisis.
	Examining immunoglobulin heavy chain genes and alcohol metabolism-related genes in the Han Chinese population Understanding the traits that have undergone positive selection during human evolution can provide insight into the events that have shaped our species, as well as into the diseases that continue to plague us today. As the most populated ethnic group, the Han Chinese have been undergoing genetic selection in their specific historical, geographical and cultural environment.

Medicine and Health news

	Study finds we can respond to verbal stimuli while sleeping Sleep is not a state in which we are completely isolated from our environment: while we sleep, we are capable of hearing and understanding words. These observations, the result of close collaboration between teams at Paris Brain Institute and the Sleep Pathology Department at Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital in Paris, call into question the very definition of sleep and the clinical criteria that make it possible to distinguish between its different stages.
	Restoring nerve-muscle connections boosts strength of aging mice, study finds A small molecule previously shown to enhance strength in injured or old laboratory mice does so by restoring lost connections between nerves and muscle fibers, Stanford Medicine researchers have found.
	A better 'map' of the lights you see when you close your eyes can improve 'bionic eye' outcomes Researchers at Monash University have identified a new way of mapping 'phosphenes'—the visual perception of the bright flashes we see when no light is entering the eye—to improve the outcome of surgery for patients receiving a cortical visual prosthesis ('bionic eye').
	Big blood savings: Large trial shows taking less blood for lab testing reduces transfusions in intensive care A world-first clinical trial published in JAMA could provide an easy way to save tens of thousands of units of blood every year in Canada and much more worldwide.
	New research shows how brain inflammation in children may cause neurological disorders such as autism or schizophrenia Severe inflammation in early childhood is a clinically known risk factor for developing autism and schizophrenia. Now, for the first time, scientists from the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) have discovered that inflammation alters the development of vulnerable brain cells, and this could have mechanistic links to neurodevelopmental disorders. This finding could lead to treatments for many different childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders.
	Human Brain Cell Atlas offers unprecedented look at neuropsychiatric disorders In a large, multi-institutional effort led by University of California San Diego, researchers have analyzed more than a million human brain cells to produce detailed maps of gene switches in brain cell types, and revealed the links between specific types of cells and various common neuropsychiatric disorders.
	Cell atlases of the human brain created in parallel projects In two parallel projects, researchers at Karolinska Institutet have been involved in creating the most comprehensive atlases of human brain cells to date. The two studies, which are published in Science, provide clues on different brain diseases and give hope for medical advancements in the future, such as new cancer drugs.
	What makes us human? Detailed cellular maps of the entire human brain reveal clues In a suite of 21 papers published in the journals Science (12), Science Advances (8), and Science Translational Medicine (1), a large consortium of researchers shares new knowledge about the cells that make up our brains and the brains of other primates. It's a huge leap from previously published work, with studies and data that reveal new insights about our nervous systems' cellular makeup across many regions of the brain and what is distinctive about the human brain.
	Study reveals brain connectivity patterns can predict suicide risk in patients with late-life depression Suicidal ideation, plans and behaviors are serious health threats among older adults with late-life depression, resulting in a higher likelihood of death than in any other age group. The increasing prevalence of depression in late life speaks for the urgent need for cost-effective, objective screening of suicide risk.
	Win–win in muscle research: Faster results and fewer laboratory animals thanks to new method To study muscle diseases, scientists rely on the mouse as a model organism. Researchers at the University of Basel have now developed a new method that is not only faster and more efficient than conventional ones but also greatly reduces the number of experimental animals needed for studying the function of genes in muscle fibers.
	Engineers develop prototype two-armed, joystick-controlled neurosurgical robot Robots have become common partners in the OR, enabling surgeons to operate through small incisions and manipulate tools endoscopically, avoiding invasive open surgery. But in neurosurgery, robots' capabilities have been more limited. While they can assist with relatively simple procedures like inserting an electrode, more invasive and complex operations like removing a tumor still require surgeons to open up the skull and brain.
	Brain tumor treatment targets TUG1, a gene that controls replication stress A new study from Nagoya University has unraveled a crucial link between how cancer cells cope with replication stress and the role of Taurine Upregulated Gene 1 (TUG1). By targeting TUG1 with a drug, the researchers were able to control brain tumor growth in mice, suggesting a potential strategy to combat aggressive brain tumors such as glioblastomas.
	How antibodies offer protection against an infection with HIV A team of researchers investigating the transmission of HIV have discovered that HIV antibodies provide sterilizing immunity by inhibiting the infection of the first cell. The research is published in the journal Cell Reports Medicine.
	Monkey survives for two years with genetically engineered pig kidney A large team of medical researchers affiliated with multiple institutions in the U.S. reports that genetically altering the genome of pigs can reduce the chance of rejection of their organs when transplanted into a primate.
	Traumatic memories can rewire the brain: Study Scientists have long speculated about the physical changes that occur in the brain when a new memory is formed. Now, research from the National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS) has shed light on this intriguing neurological mystery.
	Letting go of extra weight to control sleeping sickness A new study led by Luísa Figueiredo, group leader at the Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM; Portugal), and published in Nature Microbiology found a new strategy by the host to cope with Trypanosoma brucei infection.
	Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests spiked during pandemic, study shows Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) rose by 19% and survival of those events fell by about 4% during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to an analysis of emergency medical services' responses in Seattle and King County, Washington. But acute infections of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared not to be a primary cause of the changes.
	Engineered bacteria paint targets on tumors for cancer-killing T cells to see For several years, researchers have been successfully using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to target specific antigens found on blood cells as a cure for patients with leukemia and lymphoma. But solid tumors, like breast and colon cancers, have proven to be more difficult to home in on.
	Research reveals new possibilities to improve treatment of endometrial carcinoma Endometrial carcinoma, a cancer of the lining of the uterus, is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed nations. Over the past decade, its incidence has steadily increased (approximately 1% annually) and mortality has progressively worsened.
	Researchers develop technology to tabulate and characterize every cell in the human brain The brain is made up of numerous types of cells that are organized into different structures and regions.
	Researchers show 'cryptic' viral peptide drives large part of immune response in influenza A virus infection Conventional wisdom lays out two major roles for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Class I MHC (MHC-I) displays peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell on the cell surface and elicits a response from cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells), and class II MHC (MHC-II) does the same for helper T cells (CD4 T cells). Together, these two classes of MHC molecules are known as "classical" MHC molecules and have been understood to drive most of the immune response when a host is infected by a pathogen.
	Mechanism decoded: How synapses are formed Whether in the brain or in the muscles, wherever there are nerve cells, there are synapses. These contact points between neurons form the basis for the transmission of excitation, the communication between neurons. As in any communication process, there is a sender and a receiver: Nerve cell processes called axons generate and transmit electrical signals thereby acting as signal senders.
	New research sheds fresh light on mystery of infant consciousness There is evidence that some form of conscious experience is present by birth, and perhaps even in late pregnancy, an international team of researchers from Trinity College Dublin and colleagues in Australia, Germany and the U.S. has found.
	Cycling in school improves teenagers' mental health, but wider social factors may impact benefits Physical activity has positive effects on mental health and yet, activity rates are declining. This is particularly worrying because the mental well-being of teenagers continues to deteriorate. In the US, one in six school children is diagnosed with some type of mental disorder.
	Study finds commonly prescribed hypertension drug, amlodipine, not actually dangerous A new paper in the journal Function finds that a widely prescribed drug for treating hypertension, amlodipine, is not dangerous for patients, despite recent concerns from researchers and clinicians that taking amlodipine may have risks.
	Team delivers breakthrough 'nanobody' technology Researchers led by Professor Steve Watson and Dr. Eleyna Martin from the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences at the University of Birmingham have delivered a breakthrough for thrombosis researchers, by producing the first binding molecules (ligands) of defined composition to make platelets clump together in a predictable way.
	Study suggests health care access is not preventing deaths among pregnant and postpartum people The majority of research and public discourse on US maternal mortality focuses on pregnancy-related maternal deaths—deaths caused or accelerated by a pregnancy—rather than the broader category of pregnancy-associated maternal deaths, which are deaths from any cause during pregnancy or up to one year postpartum, including those that are pregnancy-related.
	First 'multiome' atlas of cell development in the human cerebral cortex from before birth to adulthood constructed A team of researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Yale University School of Medicine has created the first "multiome" atlas of brain cell development in the human cerebral cortex across six broad developmental time points from fetal development into adulthood, shedding new light on their roles during brain development and disease.
	Study sheds light on rare genetic disorder and blood cancers In a study, published in American Journal of Hematology, Mayo Clinic researchers examined telomere biology disorders, a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by short telomeres.
	Study identifies potential putative drug compounds for treating interstitial lung disease A research team has identified a potential new drug for interstitial lung disease, a condition affecting approximately 4.7 million people worldwide, and validated its protective effects using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids. The collaborative effort was led by Professors Masatoshi Hagiwara (Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University) and Shimpei Gotoh (Department of Clinical Application), and their findings are published in the journal iScience.
	Researchers work to preserve fertility for people undergoing gene therapy Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have created a novel gene therapy procedure that could preserve fertility in people with sickle cell disease and other genetic blood conditions. Infertility is a high-risk and long-term side effect associated with current bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy approaches to treat sickle cell disease. It is a common reason people of reproductive age give for not pursuing these therapies.
	New database charts 60 years of studies on impact of plastic chemicals on human health A team of scientists, including a number of alumni from The University of Western Australia, has created a world-first database that maps more than 3,500 studies dating back to the 1960s on the impact of plastic chemicals on human health.
	Survey says the majority of cancer patients are interested in complementary therapies Patients and oncologists are supportive of complementary therapies, such as nutrition counseling, exercise, massage, and mediation, for cancer treatment, according to a new survey conducted on behalf of the Healing Works Foundation. However, a disconnect exists between this growing interest and oncologists' perceptions of patient support. One-third of oncologists said their patients lack interest in these therapies, but only 13% of cancer patients cite lack of interest when asked about barriers.
	Hostile sexism linked to less responsive parenting Fathers and mothers who believe that men should hold the power and authority in the family exhibit less responsive parenting behavior, according to a new article in Social Psychological and Personality Science. This research provides the first behavioral evidence demonstrating that hostile sexism is linked to less responsive parenting by both fathers and mothers.
	Children with prediabetes and obesity may be more likely to progress to diabetes A new Journal of the Endocrine Society study highlights how to identify children at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and strategies for prevention, such as anti-obesity or anti-diabetes medication and lifestyle changes.
	Investigating the role of DNA damage in cardiac hypertrophy A novel cellular pathway regulates DNA damage and structural changes in cardiomyocytes, which contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy, according to a Northwestern Medicine study published in Circulation.
	Combination therapy found to improve quality of life in advanced esophageal cancer, stomach cancer Combining a PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor with standard chemotherapy improved quality of life for patients with advanced stomach cancer or esophageal cancer compared to chemotherapy alone, according to recent findings published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
	Limited gestures may not be definitive in diagnosing autism Limited gesturing is often a key part of establishing a diagnosis of autism, but new research indicates that certain types of gestures may not necessarily be produced less frequently than others.
	AI-based tool efficiently estimates bone mineral density from X-ray images Researchers from Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) have developed a machine learning-based method for the opportunistic screening and early diagnosis of bone conditions.
	Ineffective painkillers are widely prescribed to patients with inflammatory arthritis in England, research finds Researchers from Keele University's School of Medicine have found that analgesic medicines—commonly known as "painkillers"—are widely prescribed to people with inflammatory arthritis across England despite little research evidence that they improve pain for these patients, and studies showing they can cause serious side-effects.
	Sleepless cities: How urban noise and light keep us up at night Living in cities that never sleep has its price: inhabitants are getting less, worse quality, sleep. We cannot forget that sleep, though often undervalued, is a fundamental part of staying in good health. It is well established that if we don't get enough, we end up getting sick.
	Children in mourning are curious about death, grief and afterlife, study finds New Curtin University–led research has found that children who have experienced the death of a loved one will benefit from gaining a better understanding about why and how people die and how to make sense of this.
	Global experts call for ten urgent actions to address declining male fertility An international consortium of leading experts is calling for governments and health systems to acknowledge that male infertility is a common and serious medical condition that may be increasing worldwide, and has provided a first-time roadmap for urgent, global action.
	Immune system aging can be revealed by CT scan of thymus, research suggests The thymus, a small and relatively unknown organ, may play a bigger role in the immune system of adults than was previously believed. With age, the glandular tissue in the thymus is replaced by fat, but, according to a new study from Linköping University, the rate at which this happens is linked to sex, age and lifestyle factors. These findings also indicate that the appearance of the thymus reflects the aging of the immune system.
	Treadmill, exercise bike, rowing machine: What's the best option for cardio at home? Cardio, short for cardiovascular exercise, refers to any form of rhythmic physical activity that increases your heart rate and breathing so the heart and lungs can deliver oxygen to the working muscles. Essentially, it's the type of exercise that gets you huffing and puffing—and fills many people with dread.
	Marathon under two hours closer than ever: Scientist shows how Kenya's Kiptum tests human limits War in the Middle East plunged humanity to new lows on Sunday 8 October 2023 that have gripped international attention since. If that were not the case, the world would likely be abuzz with the breathtaking exploits of a 23-year-old Kenyan who changed running history in Chicago on the same day.
	Not all major trauma patients benefit from receiving additional blood-clotting factors when treating blood loss: Study The Centre for Trauma Sciences, based at Queen Mary University of London, aims to reduce deaths from severe bleeding after major trauma.
	Hand, foot and mouth disease: What every parent needs to know about this common illness Hand, foot and mouth disease is an infectious disease that's highly contagious. Common in children, it spreads quickly at day care centers and schools.
	Feds hope to cut sepsis deaths by hitching Medicare payments to treatment stats Sepsis, the body's extreme response to an infection, affects 1.7 million adults in the United States annually. It stems from fungal, viral, or bacterial infections. Treatment delays of even a few hours can undermine a patient's chance of survival. Yet sepsis can be difficult to diagnose because some patients don't present with common symptoms like fever, rapid heart rate, or confusion.
	Thousands got Exactech knee or hip replacements. Then, patients say, the parts began to fail Ron Irby expected the artificial knee implanted in his right leg in September 2018 would last two decades—perhaps longer.
	Understanding mental health and mental illness Mental health is the overall wellness of how you think, regulate your feelings and behave. A mental disorder may be present when patterns or changes in thinking, feeling or behavior cause distress or disrupt a person's ability to function.
	Not even private health insurance overcomes racial disparities in glycemic control Having health insurance in the United States is insufficient when it comes to addressing racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic control, according to a study published online Oct. 5 in JAMA Network Open.
	Young adults, Black Americans most likely to visit ER for assault injuries Being young or Black may make it more likely that you wind up in an emergency room with an assault injury, new research suggests.
	In praise of almonds and nuts They're known as "oily fruits". Because of their numerous health benefits, notwithstanding their high fat content, almonds, hazelnuts and other nuts are among foods recommended for consumption in Canada, the US, France and across the EU—to the tune of a small handful each day.
	Cannabis intoxication triggers cognitive mechanism of addiction, finds study New research from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) at King's College London and the University of Oxford has found that the main component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), leads to people's attention being more drawn to other cannabis stimuli when using the drug, which researchers suggest could underpin the cognitive mechanisms behind cannabis use disorder (CUD).
	How your blood vessels tolerate high blood pressure A research group at Lund University has studied how a molecular sensor located in the blood vessel wall, controls how the vessel compensates for high blood pressure. As we age, the sensor deteriorates, which can worsen vascular damage caused by high blood pressure and consequently lead to secondary diseases affecting the heart, brain, or other organs. In mice, the researchers demonstrate that the absence of the sensor leads to the development of aortic aneurysms. Several key findings have also been confirmed in human blood vessels.
	Sweeteners may affect your gut biome and raise blood sugar levels It's well-known that "full fat" fizzy drinks such as colas, lemonades and energy drinks raise the risk of obesity, heart disease and diabetes. People who have one can or more a day have a 26% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Sugary drinks rapidly increase blood sugar levels and this can lead to tiredness and increased hunger even in people without diabetes.
	Philadelphia bans safe injection sites—evidence suggests keeping drug users on the street could do more harm than good The United States remains tightly in the grasp of an ongoing, and escalating, crisis of deaths caused by opioid overdoses.
	Vaccines against COVID-19, the seasonal flu and RSV are our best chance of preventing a winter surge, says researcher As cold and flu season ramps up, health care experts are once again on high alert for the possibility of a tripledemic, or a surge brought on by the respiratory viruses that cause COVID-19, the flu and respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV. The good news is that this year, health officials have more tools at their disposal to combat them.
	Capturing the lay public's opinions on genome editing of human embryos A recent survey has identified differing opinions between the lay public and trained scientists on genome editing research using human embryos, which will help to guide future bioethical and policy discussions with the lay public.
	Medicaid expansion in Missouri led to reduction in out-of-pocket costs, analysis finds After Medicaid expansion began in Missouri in July 2021, the proportion of emergency department visits financed by Medicaid rose by nearly 15 percentage points, while the proportion of such visits financed by the uninsured dropped by 14 percentage points, finds a new analysis from the Center for Advancing Health Services, Policy and Economics Research at Washington University in St. Louis.
	Oral health workers are burned out too, says report Burnout is a prevalent problem for the health workforce, associated with employee turnover, absenteeism and depression. Burnout has also been shown to increase risk of medical errors and raises concerns about patient safety.
	The impact of OCD is costing the UK more than £5 billion a year, new research reveals The effects of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) create an economic burden to the U.K. totaling a staggering £5 billion, a new study titled "A cost-of-illness analysis of the economic burden of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the United Kingdom" and published in Comprehensive Psychiatry has concluded.
	No universal body image experience in pregnancy, says meta-analysis A new study has discovered large variations in how pregnancy can affect women's perceptions of their own body, including experiences of negative body image.
	Neuroscientists use neural network to enhance neurofeedback technology Researchers from HSE University and the Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI) have successfully lowered the latency between a change in brain activity and the presentation of the corresponding neurofeedback signal by a factor of 50. The results were obtained by employing a neural network trained in low-latency filtering of brain activity signals from diverse individuals.
	Simple changes improve quality of MRI scans for prostate cancer screening A new international study from UCL and UCLH that aims to improve the quality of MRI scans for prostate cancer screening has identified simple ways to treble the number of scans that are of optimal diagnostic quality.
	Almost half of patients with skin disease suffer from sleep disturbances, global study finds Almost half (42%) of patients with skin disease experience sleep disturbances, a major study presented today at the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Congress 2023 has revealed.
	Omega watch: Researchers develop new blood test for measuring levels of critical omega-3 fatty acids Researchers at McMaster and the University of Guelph have discovered a convenient new way to track levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the bloodstream, making it much easier to access information that is critical to cardiovascular and cognitive health, but which has previously been challenging to gather.
	More aggressive treatment doesn't impact quality of life for metastatic colorectal cancer patients, says new study New research in the October 2023 issue of Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network finds that intensive local-regional treatment to remove as much tumor as possible (known as "debulking"), in addition to standard systemic therapy, does not impact overall quality of life significantly for people with metastatic colorectal cancer.
	Study explores how changing autism traits are linked to mental health conditions A long-term study by UC Davis Health researchers sheds new light on the relationship between autism traits and mental health in middle childhood. The paper, published in the journal Autism, finds that changes in core autism characteristics are related to whether children develop additional mental health challenges during their elementary school years.
	Study reveals shyness could impact young children's performance on language tests A recent study from SMU psychologist Sarah Kucker and a student she mentored at Oklahoma State University suggests shyness can influence a child's performance in language assessments, depending on the level of social interaction required to complete the test.
	Endemic malaria found in high, dry northwestern Kenya Turkana County in northwestern Kenya was supposed to be the land that malaria forgot. An arid, windy region abutting Uganda, South Sudan and Ethiopia, its climate was thought to be too dry for the mosquitoes that harbor malaria-causing parasites, and thus it has been excluded from national efforts to prevent the spread of the disease.
	Researchers suggest new approach for testing treatments for osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and is among the top 10 conditions contributing to Years Lived with Disability—a measure reflecting the impact an illness has on quality of life before it resolves or leads to death. To date, no treatments are approved that slow disease progression. Treatment development has been frustrating in part because animal models of disease caused by joint trauma poorly reflect human disease which usually occurs over many years and without preceding trauma.
	Study finds clinic-based community program improved food security and health The FISH (Food Insecurity and its Sequalae on Health) Study, led by Tiffany Wesley Ardoin, MD, FACP, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine at LSU Health New Orleans' Baton Rouge Regional Campus, reports that a clinic-based community program improved food security scores, healthy eating behaviors, and depression scores in a vulnerable, food-insecure population in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The findings are published in the journal, Nutrients.
	Q&A: Generic daily HIV prevention pill for young men who have sex with men could save lives and money Anne Neilan, MD, a physician-scientist in the division of Infectious Diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital is the senior author of a recently paper titled "Daily Oral HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Cost-Saving at Generic Drug Price."
	New organ-on-a-chip model of human synovium could accelerate development of treatments for arthritis Researchers at Queen Mary University of London have developed a new organ-on-a-chip model of the human synovium, a membrane-like tissue that lines the joints. The model, published in the journal Biomedical Materials, could help researchers to better understand the mechanisms of arthritis and to develop new treatments for this group of debilitating diseases.
	Even during height of pandemic, most did not use prenatal telehealth Many pregnant individuals who gave birth between June and December 2020 did not use prenatal telehealth, according to a research letter published online Oct. 10 in JAMA Network Open.
	Dexamethasone no benefit in HIV-positive with tuberculous meningitis: Study For HIV-positive adults with tuberculous meningitis, adjunctive dexamethasone does not confer a benefit with respect to survival, according to a study published in the Oct. 12 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
	Caution: Content warnings do not reduce stress, study shows Advocates for the use of trigger warnings suggest that they can help people avoid or emotionally prepare for encountering content related to a past trauma. But trigger warnings may not fulfill either of these functions, according to an analysis published in Clinical Psychological Science.
	New red blood cell transfusion guidelines recommend an individualized approach An international panel of experts co-chaired by Jeffrey Carson, Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, has developed guidelines for new strategies that could help preserve the blood supply and prevent complications that result from transfusions.
	Study: When health care access is equal, race gap in prostate cancer survival vanishes Men of all races and ethnic groups who have prostate cancer fare equally well when access to care is identical, a new study finds. The report was published online Oct. 11 in the journal JAMA Network Open.
	PET imaging validates use of common cholesterol drug to enhance HER2-targeted cancer therapy A novel therapeutic approach that combines human epidermal growth receptor factor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies with the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin can reduce the number of cancer treatments required to prevent tumor growth. Monitored by immuno-PET scans, this combination therapy has the potential to personalize treatment for cancer patients and spare them from harmful side effects.
	Medical discovery for sepsis moves to next phase of human trials Scientists at The Florey have proven that a formulation they pioneered alleviates deadly sepsis, with the next phase of clinical trials to start rolling out across Australia next month.
	Breast health during menopause Your risk of breast cancer increases with age, especially after menopause. Around eight out of 10 breast cancer cases happen in women over 50.
	Narcan, medication that can stop fatal opioid overdose now available without a prescription Last month, drugstores and pharmacies nationwide began stocking and selling the country's first over-the-counter version of naloxone, a medication that can stop a potentially fatal overdose from opioids. It's sold as a nasal spray under the brand name Narcan.
	Feds rein in use of predictive software that limits care for Medicare Advantage patients Judith Sullivan was recovering from major surgery at a Connecticut nursing home in March when she got surprising news from her Medicare Advantage plan: It would no longer pay for her care because she was well enough to go home.
	Despite hospital shortages, nursing school applicants being turned away The number of registered nurses in the U.S. is projected to decline by 1 million by 2027, yet nursing school applicants are being turned away by the thousands.
	Female essential workers were at 'higher risk' of catching COVID-19 during pandemic, finds Ireland survey Female essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic were substantially more at risk of contracting the virus according to new research published by UCD in partnership with the Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI).
	Video: Why you and your family need a flu shot If you haven't had the flu in a few years, there's a reason. As Dr. Nipunie Rajapakse, a pediatric infectious diseases physician with the Mayo Clinic Children's Center, shares, all the more reason to ensure you and your family are vaccinated this year.
	Canceling cancer with T cells What if we could engineer our immune system to make the human body better at fighting cancer? Professor Roy Mariuzza is part of a major research effort aimed at doing just that. An expert in the structural biology of immune system proteins, Mariuzza studies T cells, the body's first responders against cancer.
	Childhood obesity study reveals increases in rates and trends in central Indiana Researchers at the Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health in Indianapolis have identified the most detailed findings to date on childhood obesity rates and trends in central Indiana.
	'Two-factor' screening of newborns found to enhance congenital hearing loss management Nearly 30 million Chinese individuals experience hearing loss (HL), with around 60% of these cases being hereditary. HL is the second most common congenital disability in China, with an estimated 30,000 babies in China born with HL each year and facing the challenges of medical expenses and education-related issues.
	Public knowledge varies greatly on flu and COVID-19, surveys show There is wide variability in what the U.S. public knows about the seasonal flu and COVID-19, but some facts are much more strongly associated with an individual's vaccination behavior.
	Using closed-loop in type 1 pregnancy associated with type 1 diabetes A new study endorses closed-loop use in type 1 diabetes pregnancy and highlights how the technology can facilitate positive pregnancy experiences. The study is published in Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics (DTT).

Other Sciences news

	State-estimation method allows for efficient forecasts without details of underlying model A pair of mathematicians, Kevin Course and Prasanth Nair at the University of Toronto's Institute for Aerospace Studies, has developed a new state-estimation method to create efficient forecasts without the need for the details of an underlying model.
	Neanderthals hunted dangerous cave lions, study shows Neanderthals hunted cave lions and used the skin of this dangerous carnivore, a new study has shown for the first time.
	New research shows why hunting for the cheapest plane ticket is a waste of your time Buy your ticket on a Tuesday. Search in your browser's incognito mode. Use a VPN to pretend you live in Suriname.
	Incorporating puppies into language research adds new insight Language researchers have studied how mothers speak to their infants, to their pets, and to other adults. Mothers speak slowly and clearly to their infants, hyperarticulating speech to teach language. What this research did not examine was the positive valence, or emotion of a mother's speech.
	Survey delves into brand-name food and beverage preferences of consumers Most consumers would choose brand-name beverages over generic or store-brand beverages, according to the September 2023 Consumer Food Insights Report. The report further indicates that consumers make this choice even when presented with a sizable price discount on generic or store brand names.
	How morbid curiosity can lead people to conspiracy theories Do you like scary movies, true crime podcasts, or violent sports? Research has shown that a major part of the attraction is their appeal to morbid curiosity.
	Investment in the future: Making influencers affordable Influencers with a large following are expensive and usually not interested in promoting unknown brands. This marketing channel is therefore largely inaccessible to small and medium-sized companies (SMEs). Business professors are now suggesting a bypass from the financial sector: Forward contracts, which allow companies to sign such influencers early on, when they are still relatively unknown.
	How Latin America can achieve a socially balanced climate transition As of today, much of Latin America has announced that it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. But how can this be achieved politically in a region of the world with a particularly large gap between rich and poor?
	Study suggests struggling students who repeat third grade see improved achievement Third-grade retention can increase the reading and math scores of struggling students, with positive effects lasting into middle school, according to new research.
	How oil companies put the responsibility for climate change on consumers The political response to the climate crisis remains largely inadequate in the face of heat waves, hurricanes, floods and forest fires that are accelerating and intensifying.
	The rising cost of living is eroding brand loyalty as consumers seek more cost-effective alternatives As Canadians grapple with the rising cost of living, many consumers are reevaluating their daily choices and purchase habits. The cost of groceries is forcing many households to make difficult decisions, like having to choose between food quality and affordability.
	How collective memories fuel conflicts When a group of youths attacked shops and buildings in Tallinn, Estonia, on the evening of April 26, 2007, it sparked two days of civil unrest. This resulted in the death of a young man, injuries to 100 people, including 13 police officers, and the arrest of more than 1,000 people.
	Climate change could lead to food-related civil unrest in UK within 50 years, say experts The emptying of supermarket shelves during the COVID pandemic demonstrated the chaos that disruption to the UK's food supply can provoke. Could this type of disruption have a different cause in the future? And what might the impact on society be?
	Why 'toxic masculinity' isn't a useful term for understanding all of the ways to be a man There seem to be as many interpretations of what "toxic masculinity" means as there are uses of the term.
	Are TikTok, X and other social media platforms good or bad sources for news on the Israel and Hamas war? For the last few days, one of the only ways people have been able to see the Israeli siege of Gaza in the aftermath of Hamas' attack on Saturday has been on TikTok.
	Student satisfaction scores determined by personality, according to study A single personality trait alone—innate happiness—accounts for 24% of student-satisfaction scores in higher education, according to a new international study in the peer-reviewed journal Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. The study by a team from the University of Reading, Hawaii Pacific University, and the University of Bath suggests more than half of student satisfaction is attributable to unalterable individual-level personality traits, such as neuroticism, extraversion and others, rather than to actual quality of received education.
	The advantage of digital-native brands setting up physical brand stores—and the challenge of preserving online revenue Researchers from Erasmus School of Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam, KU Leuven, Universität zu Lübeck, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, and FoodLabs published a new Journal of Marketing article that investigates the multichannel impact of brand stores by digital-native FMCG brands.
	Distance, lighting, facial masking critically affect reliability of eyewitness identification, says study According to a recent research report, distance, lighting and facial masking are critical factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness identification. Researchers at Åbo Akademi University and New York University Shanghai, in collaboration with the Finnish Science Center Heureka, have studied the effects of these factors on the ability to recognize people at a later time. The research report, published in Psychology, Crime & Law, recommends new factors that the police should consider when investigating eyewitness observations.
	Paper: Higher pay consistently trumps meaningful work as strongly valued job attribute When choosing between meaningful work or a better salary, it's not even close—most people overwhelmingly prefer higher-paying jobs with low meaningfulness over low-salary jobs with high meaningfulness, says new research from a University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign expert who studies what factors contribute to meaning in life and in work.
	Advertising rental housing in Spanish puts off many potential renters, study finds Publishing an ad for an apartment or rental home in Spanish may seem like it would broaden the pool of potential renters, but new research shows it can harm rental-seekers' perception of the property and its neighborhood.
	Study highlights concerns and preferences of residents regarding police involvement in mental health crisis response Police officers often respond to incidents that do not involve crime or immediate threats to public safety but instead deal with community members facing unmet mental health needs. In response to this, many cities are experimenting with co-deploying police officers alongside health professionals or deploying teams entirely composed of civilian health professionals.
	Expanding London's Ulez has sparked fractious debate—psychologists explain how it can be de-escalated Drivers of the most polluting vehicles are now charged £12.50 a day (or more for heavier vehicles) to drive within London's M25 orbital motorway, following an expansion to the city's ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) in August 2023.
	A constitutional right to hunt and fish? Florida voters will decide in 2024 Florida voters will decide next year whether to establish a state constitutional right to hunt and fish.
	Deaths and abuse in UK immigration detention: Research shows extent of mental health problem The death of 39-year-old Frank Ospina, a Colombian man in immigration detention in the UK, shocked his family. Ospina was awaiting deportation, and his mental health appeared to deteriorate rapidly. He is thought to have taken his own life in March 2023.
	Social media regularly used by 48% of primary age children in Wales, report shows Nearly half (48%) of Welsh children aged 7 to 11 are regularly using social media, according to a survey led by academics at Cardiff University.
	Clothing is key: Van Dyck portrait captures 'moment in the history of race-making' For years, art historian Ana Howie had been intrigued by Anthony van Dyck's striking 1632 portrait of Italian noblewoman Elena Grimaldi Cattaneo—and was not satisfied with scholarly understandings of the work.
	Preferred traits vary depending on short or long-term relationship A study by researchers at the University of Arkansas confirms previous work showing that women prefer physical strength—upper-body strength, specifically—in short-term contexts, but find that affiliative—or benevolent—humor is a more attractive trait for success at long-term relationships.
	New report finds food crime costs the UK economy up to £2 billion a year Food crime costs the UK economy up to £2 billion a year, according to a new report, published by the Food Standards Agency (FSA).

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