Science X Newsletter Tue, Oct 3

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for October 3, 2023:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Trio wins Nobel Prize in physics for split-second glimpse of superfast spinning world of electrons

Atmospheric microplastic transport predominantly derived from oceans, study finds

Study investigates the population of young low-mass stars in Trumpler 14

Mathematical bedtime stories may build better mathematical memory

Infant immune systems found to have unique and effective responses to SARS-CoV-2

How are ancient Roman and Mayan buildings still standing? Scientists are unlocking their secrets

Female animals may learn mate preferences based on other more experienced females' choices

Carbon-capture tree plantations threaten tropical biodiversity for little gain, ecologists say

Mental health services spending for kids and adolescents has risen by more than 25% since beginning of pandemic: Study

Can science take the STING out of runaway inflammation?

Risk-stratification algorithm significantly reduces unnecessary ovary removal in girls, study shows

Bursts of star formation explain mysterious brightness at cosmic dawn

Harnessing the power of microbial fuel cells: A sustainable energy breakthrough

Computer model predicts who needs lung cancer screening

Improved mangrove conservation could yield cash, carbon, coastal benefits

Nanotechnology news

	Scientists develop nanozyme mimetic that degrades effluents under sunlight Scientists at the Materials Research Center (MRC), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), have developed a new type of enzyme mimetic that can degrade toxic chemicals in industrial wastewater effectively in the presence of sunlight.
	Why does it get hot when you rub things together? Unraveling the mystery of dynamic friction at the atomic level Friction, an everyday phenomenon, has perplexed scientists for centuries. Though extensively researched, our understanding remains fragmented, primarily due to the multifaceted interactions that span across varying scales. Achieving an accurate grasp of the precise contact conditions between objects has been a longstanding challenge, a feat recently made possible through advancements in scanning probe microscopy.
	Electronic sensor the size of a single molecule a potential game-changer Australian researchers have developed a molecular-sized, more efficient version of a widely used electronic sensor, in a breakthrough that could bring widespread benefits.
	Research team creates wearable sensor to monitor 'last line of defense' antibiotic Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, bacteria have evolved numerous ways to evade or outright ignore the effects of antibiotics. Thankfully, health care providers have an arsenal of infrequently used antibiotics that are still effective against otherwise resistant strains of bacteria.
	Nano-mechanoelectrical approach increases DNA detection sensitivity by 100 times UMass Amherst researchers have pushed forward the boundaries of biomedical engineering one hundredfold with a new method for DNA detection with unprecedented sensitivity.

Physics news

	Trio wins Nobel Prize in physics for split-second glimpse of superfast spinning world of electrons Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics on Tuesday for giving us the first split-second glimpse into the superfast world of spinning electrons, a field that could one day lead to better electronics or disease diagnoses.
	Optimizing continuous-variable functions with quantum annealing Quantum annealing (QA) is a cutting-edge algorithm that leverages the unique properties of quantum computing to tackle complex combinatorial optimization problems (a class of mathematical problems dealing with discrete-variable functions).
	Using air to deflect lasers Using a novel method, beams of laser light can be deflected using air alone. An invisible grating made only of air is not only immune to damage from the laser light, but it also preserves the original quality of the beam, reports an interdisciplinary research team in the journal Nature Photonics. The researchers have applied for a patent for their method.
	Physicists realize fractionalization without a magnetic field On the dream list of many condensed matter physicists is observing fractionalization, the phenomena of a collective state of electrons carrying a charge that is a fraction of the electron charge, without a magnetic field.
	Nobels season resumes with Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarding the prize in physics Nobels season is resuming on Tuesday with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm awarding the prize in physics.
	What are attoseconds? Nobel-winning physics explained The Nobel Physics Prize was awarded on Tuesday to three scientists for their work on attoseconds, which are almost unimaginably short periods of time.
	A graphene addition for enhancing the critical current density of Bi-2223 superconductors Superconductors are materials that offer zero electric resistance to the flow of current on being cooled down below a certain critical temperature. Typically, superconductors have a very low critical temperature, close to absolute zero. However, a class of superconductors, known as high-temperature superconductors (HTS) have a critical temperature above 77 Kelvin, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. They have been extensively used for the development of superconducting devices in many industries.

Earth news

	Atmospheric microplastic transport predominantly derived from oceans, study finds Microplastics in our natural environments are of increasing concern as these tiny particles (
	Scientists develop model to predict and simulate microplastic transport in South Australian waters Australia has a big problem with plastic waste, with millions of tons of household and industrial plastics breaking down in landfill, rivers and the sea every year.
	Controlled burns help prevent wildfires, but climate change is limiting their use Prescribed fires, sometimes called controlled burns, are one of the most common tools for preventing catastrophic wildfires in the Western United States. Lit by highly trained firefighters, they help clear away excess dry plant matter that might otherwise turn a healthy vegetation fire into a raging inferno.
	Scientists investigate potential of sustainable protection of rapidly subsiding coastlines with mangroves Along the Asian coastlines there are many areas where rural communities experience alarming rates of sea level rises due to land subsidence up to 10 cm per year. This causes tremendous challenges on how to live there and protect these coasts.
	Iron atoms discovered on the move in Earth's solid inner core The iron atoms that make up the Earth's solid inner core are tightly jammed together by astronomically high pressures—the highest on the planet.
	Japan sees hottest September since records began Japan has seen its hottest September since records began 125 years ago, the weather agency said, in a year expected to be the warmest in human history.
	New single-use plastic ban takes effect in England. Here's why its impact may be limited Single-use plastic and packaging has become an essential part of our lives. In the UK, households collectively throw away an estimated 100 billion pieces of plastic packaging each year.
	Glaciers can give us clues about when a volcano might erupt Globally, there is about one volcano erupting each week. Volcanic unrest kills an average of 500 people every year and costs the global economy roughly US$7 billion (£5.7 billion). With one in 20 people living somewhere at risk of volcanic activity, every effort that can be made to improve the monitoring of volcanoes is important.
	A string of volcanic tremors raises fears of mass evacuations in Italy Hundreds of small tremors have shaken a densely populated volcanic area west of the Italian city of Naples in recent weeks, pushing the government to quickly redraft mass evacuation plans, even though experts don't see an imminent risk of eruption.
	The clock is ticking. Can 'scientific diplomacy' save the world's hottest sea? Already the world's hottest coastal environment in the summer, the shallow sea between the Arabian peninsula and southwestern Iran continues to heat at a breathtaking pace.
	The 'plastic paradox': Some clean-up technologies do more harm than good, researchers say The ever-increasing problem of plastic pollution has prompted widespread efforts to combat it through innovative clean-up technologies. These advancements, however, often seen as the silver bullet to solve our plastic crisis, sometimes do more harm than good.
	'Climate vulnerability index' shows where action, resources are needed to address climate change threats Dr. Weihsueh Chiu, a professor at the Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, helped create a new tool that provides communities and policymakers with actionable data about long-term vulnerabilities tied to climate change.
	Indonesian city closes schools over peatland fire haze An Indonesian city with a population of hundreds of thousands has shut schools for three days because of haze caused by large peatland fires, its mayor said Tuesday.
	Australian fire authorities are better prepared for this summer. The question now is, are you? Last year, campers had to evacuate because of floods. This year, they're evacuating because of fire. Over Victoria's long weekend, campers and residents in Gippsland had to flee fast-moving fires, driven by high winds.

Astronomy and Space news

	Study investigates the population of young low-mass stars in Trumpler 14 Using the Very Large Telescope (VLT), European astronomers have performed spectroscopic observations of an open cluster known as Trumpler 14. Results of the observational campaign, published September 25 on the pre-print server arXiv, shed more light on the properties of young low-mass stars in this cluster.
	Bursts of star formation explain mysterious brightness at cosmic dawn When scientists viewed the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) first images of the universe's earliest galaxies, they were shocked. The young galaxies appeared too bright, too massive and too mature to have formed so soon after the Big Bang. It would be like an infant growing into an adult within just a couple years.
	Mercury: Shrinking planet is still getting smaller, according to new research Planetary scientists have long known that Mercury has been shrinking for billions of years. Despite being the closest planet to the sun, its interior has been cooling down as internal heat leaks away. This means that the rock (and, within that, the metal) of which it is composed must have contracted slightly in volume.
	Model of photosynthetic antenna suggests different types of plants may grow on Earth-like rocky planets A small team of biologists, environmental scientists and chemists at Queen Mary University of London, U.K., has found via modeling, that it might be possible for different types of plants to grow on Earth-like rocky planets. In their paper published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the group describes how they modeled photosynthetic antenna, taking into account possible scenarios on planets in other star systems and the results of their experiments.
	Study suggests large mound structures on Kuiper belt object Arrokoth may have common origin A new study led by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) Planetary Scientist and Associate Vice President Dr. Alan Stern posits that the large, approximately 5-kilometer-long mounds that dominate the appearance of the larger lobe of the pristine Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth are similar enough to suggest a common origin.
	Webb's wide-angle view of the Orion Nebula is released on ESASky New images of the Orion Nebula from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have been included in ESA's ESASky application, which has a user-friendly interface to visualize and download astronomical data.
	US slaps TV provider with first-ever space debris fine US authorities said they have issued a "breakthrough" first-ever fine over space debris, slapping a $150,000 penalty on a TV company that failed to properly dispose of a satellite.
	Hubble views NGC 4654 in the constellation Virgo It's easy to get swept up in the swirling starry arms of this intermediate spiral galaxy, NGC 4654, in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy has a bright center and is labeled "intermediate" because it has characteristics of both unbarred and barred spirals. NGC 4654 is just north of the celestial equator, making it visible from the northern hemisphere and most of the southern hemisphere. The galaxy is about 55 million light-years from Earth.
	Estonia's next satellite, largely built by undergrad students, to fly aboard Vega VV23 Estonia's next satellite will fly aboard Europe's Vega VV23 launcher later this week. While largely designed and built by undergraduate students, the shoebox-sized ESTCube-2 has ambitious goals in mind, including surveys of Estonian vegetation and the first successful in-orbit demonstration of "plasma brake" technology. Deployment of a charged microtether will slow the CubeSat's orbit, proving the prospect of helping to keep space clear of dangerous debris in the future.

Technology news

	Harnessing the power of microbial fuel cells: A sustainable energy breakthrough When it comes to our planet's future, we all share a collective responsibility to explore innovative solutions that reduce pollution and promote sustainable living. One such revolutionary technology that has been capturing my attention lately is the microbial fuel cell (MFC). It's not just another energy source; it's a game-changer that promises to transform our world for the better.
	Research shows humans can inherit AI biases New research by psychologists Lucía Vicente and Helena Matute from Deusto University in Bilbao, Spain, provides evidence that people can inherit artificial intelligence biases (systematic errors in AI outputs) in their decisions.
	Morphing robots can grip, climb and crawl like insects Pulling inspiration from the natural world, researchers at Colorado State University have developed a trio of robots that can morph their bodies and legs as needed to better crawl, shimmy or swim over difficult terrain.
	AI model beats PNG and FLAC at compression What would we do without compression?
	Using humidity-powered technology, researchers find several new ions that facilitate low-energy carbon sequestration Even as the world slowly begins to decarbonize industrial processes, achieving lower concentrations of atmospheric carbon requires technologies that remove existing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, rather than just preventing the creation of it.
	AI co-pilot enhances human precision for safer aviation Imagine you're in an airplane with two pilots, one human and one computer. Both have their "hands" on the controllers, but they're always looking out for different things. If they're both paying attention to the same thing, the human gets to steer. But if the human gets distracted or misses something, the computer quickly takes over.
	India must rapidly scale solar to reach renewable targets: Study India needs to increase its solar energy capacity by 36 percent a year for at least the next half-decade to meet its energy mix goals, an analysis said Tuesday.
	Samsung 'was hoist with its own petard' in court ruling that could cost it millions for violations of privacy law A terms of service agreement—that long list of legalese that most people ignore—could cost Samsung millions of dollars in a mass arbitration action over the Illinois biometric privacy law.
	Facebook and Instagram users in Europe could get ad-free subscription option, WSJ reports Meta plans to give Facebook and Instagram users in Europe the option of paying for ad-free versions of the social media platforms as a way to comply with the continent's strict data privacy rules, the Wall Street Journal reported Tuesday.
	Navigating the risks and benefits of AI: Lessons from nanotechnology Twenty years ago, nanotechnology was the artificial intelligence of its time. The specific details of these technologies are, of course, a world apart. But the challenges of ensuring each technology's responsible and beneficial development are surprisingly alike. Nanotechnology, which is technologies at the scale of individual atoms and molecules, even carried its own existential risk in the form of "gray goo."
	Is the automotive industry ready to confront its greatest challenge yet? The first automobile, a marvel of technological innovation, hit the road nearly 150 years ago. Undoubtedly a great achievement—yet one that pales in comparison to the challenges car manufacturers face today.
	Graphene, tin combo shows promise for solar panels, artificial muscles and more Doing an experiment with a cake on a cookie sounds simple. But when researchers from the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) developed a unique dataset for combining 2D graphene and 3D tin, the process was all but simple—it required a great deal of computing power.
	Microscopy image segmentation via point and shape regularized data synthesis In contemporary deep learning-based methods for segmenting microscopic images, there's a heavy reliance on extensive training data that requires detailed annotations. This process is both expensive and labor-intensive. An alternative approach involves using simpler annotations, such as marking the center points of objects. While not as detailed, these point annotations still provide valuable information for image analysis.
	What the new Assassin's Creed game tells us about 9th-century Baghdad, from the art historian who worked on it Gamers the world over will be familiar with the incredibly detailed historic cityscapes the Assassin's Creed franchise has produced so far. Following earlier forays into ancient Damascus and Athens, the forthcoming installment, Mirage, takes players into ninth-century Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphate.
	Disaster-proofing sustainable neighborhoods requires thorough long-term planning, study shows Individual neighborhoods will be intimately involved in providing local solutions to collective problems. One measure will be distributed renewable energy production—energy produced at local levels, either by solar technology, wind or other methods, will push cities to achieve their net-zero targets.
	San Francisco self-driving car involved in serious accident A self-driving car operated by US company Cruise ran over a woman after she was first knocked in front of it by a hit-and-run driver in San Francisco late Monday, video showed.
	Automating aircraft ship landings at rough seas Landing a helicopter on a ship's flight deck is one of the most challenging and complex maneuvers demanded of a Navy pilot. Unlike a runway, the landing area of any ship is small and a constantly moving target that sways with the sea. Solutions have been proposed to automate ship landing. Still, none have effectively held up to the added challenges helicopter pilots face when nature delivers gusty winds, especially in the wake of a ship, low visibility and other challenging environments.
	Trial of disgraced crypto star Bankman-Fried begins The trial of Sam Bankman-Fried, former CEO of one of cryptocurrency's biggest exchanges, began Tuesday with a jury set to determine if he committed massive fraud by stealing billions of dollars from clients.
	Ford, GM lay off about 500 more US workers due to strike Ford and General Motors said around 500 more workers have been temporarily laid off due to "knock-on effects" from the ongoing strike at Detroit's "Big Three" automakers.
	Malta to replace struggling national airline Malta will shut down its loss-making national carrier, Air Malta, next year and replace it with a new government-owned airline, Prime Minister Robert Abela has announced.
	Does Amazon's push to be a better, greener employer matter to markets? This summer, Amazon lost an A.
	Why is it so hard to make batteries smaller and lighter? Flat coin cell batteries (the kind used in watches) have been around for decades. But the combination of solid and liquid components makes it very hard to see how the components fail inside these batteries.
	Energy transition at risk from commodity market fragmentation: IMF Growing geopolitical fragmentation since the invasion of Ukraine has hit commodity markets, threatening to slow the transition to renewable energy as the world looks to combat climate change, the International Monetary Fund said Tuesday.
	GM reports higher Q3 sales as strike tests outlook General Motors reported higher third-quarter US auto sales Tuesday behind robust consumer demand, notching a strong performance that will be tested by an ongoing labor strike.
	Bolivia's lithium is like white gold in the Salar de Uyuni As the world undergoes the great energy transition—from fossil fuels to alternative energy and batteries—rare earth metals are becoming more precious.
	Electrifying construction sites outside built-up areas in Norway The building and construction sector currently accounts for approximately 4.5% of Norway's greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are derived mainly from fossil fuels used for transport and the operation of construction machinery.
	Technical potential of renewables in Indonesia Indonesia is a country with huge renewable energy potential, essentially to enable the Net Zero 2060 ambition. The figure summarizes three years of research by Ph.D. candidate Jannis Langer on renewable resource mapping in Indonesia. His research has been published in a series of articles appearing in Energy, Renewable Energy, and iScience.
	United Airlines makes 2nd large order for new planes in less than a year as it renews its fleet United Airlines is making its second large order of new planes in less than a year, more than 100 in all, as the carrier renews its fleet.
	Human or machine? How about both? New book explores the line between man and machine in music When Deirdre Loughridge first began teaching classes on music technology in 2012, there was a lot of talk about how computers were "dehumanizing" music. The general thought among her students then was that computers could not make music.

Chemistry news

	New understanding of perfluorooctanoic acid could pave the way towards safer products and better human health A team of A*STAR scientists has made a significant breakthrough in understanding how perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is processed by the human body.
	New pipeline makes valuable organic acid from plants—saving money and emissions In a breakthrough for environmentally friendly chemical production, researchers at the Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI) have developed an economical way to make succinic acid, an important industrial chemical, from sugarcane.

Biology news

	Female animals may learn mate preferences based on other more experienced females' choices Females may infer what makes a male attractive by observing the choices of more experienced females, and the context of those choices matters, according to a mathematical model published October 3rd in the open access journal PLOS Biology. Rather than simply copying their peers, females might learn to prefer rare traits that set successful males apart from others, Emily DuVal at Florida State University, US, and colleagues report.
	Carbon-capture tree plantations threaten tropical biodiversity for little gain, ecologists say The increasingly urgent climate crisis has led to a boom in commercial tree plantations in an attempt to offset excess carbon emissions. However, authors of an opinion paper published in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution argue that these carbon-offset plantations might come with costs for biodiversity and other ecosystem functions. Instead, the authors say we should prioritize conserving and restoring intact ecosystems.
	Improved mangrove conservation could yield cash, carbon, coastal benefits A shift in the way we think about the benefits mangroves provide to coastal regions could yield significant economic and biodiversity gains and protect millions from flooding, research has revealed.
	Gut bacteria found in wild wolves may be key to improving domestic dogs' health Gut microbes found in wild wolves may be the key to alleviating a debilitating gastrointestinal condition common to domestic dogs, according to a study led by researchers at Oregon State University—Cascades.
	Genetic study of citrus fruits suggests they originated in southern China A team of horticulturists, genealogists and germplasm specialists affiliated with multiple institutions in China, working with two colleagues from the U.S. and one from Australia, has found evidence that suggests citrus fruits originated in what is now southern China. In their study, reported in the journal Nature Genetics, the group built a family tree of citrus fruits using a variety of techniques.
	New species of cobra-like snake discovered, but it may already be extinct Around the world, natural history museums hold a treasure trove of knowledge about Earth's animals. But much of the precious information is sealed off to genetic scientists because formalin, the chemical often used to preserve specimens, damages DNA and makes sequences hard to recover.
	Holes in baby dinosaur bones show how football-sized hatchlings grew to 3-ton teens Despite their public image as torpid, lumbering creatures, many dinosaurs were evidently warm-blooded, highly active animals, capable of prolonged and strenuous aerobic exercise.
	Researchers identify tiny, unique sea creature photographed in 2018 An international team of zoologists and parasitic worm specialists has identified an odd sea creature captured by an underwater photographer in 2018 off the coast of Okinawa. In their project, reported in the open-access journal Current Biology, the group obtained and studied a sample of the sea creature.
	Understanding the single cell proteome in the context of surrounding tissue Similar to humans and animals, which adapt their diet or behavior to given environmental conditions, the function and protein composition of single cells also depends on which resources are available in their immediate environment.
	Research demonstrates the power of rhythm as a design element in evolution and robotics As the internet quickly fills with viral videos of futuristic robots darting and racing around like the animals they're built to mimic, Duke researchers say that there's an element of their movement's programming that should not be overlooked: rhythm.
	Fluorescent and radiometric probes provide researchers with more detailed data The University of Cincinnati's Jiajie Diao and Yujie Sun have a simple approach to research: Keep an open mind, and follow the data wherever it leads.
	As heat waves warm the Pacific Ocean, effects on marine life remain murky Scientists are pretty good at recognizing marine heat waves. A global network of thousands of oceanic buoys and orbiting satellites allow them to see, in real time, ocean surface temperatures, changing currents and storm systems as they develop, move or stall from the Antarctic to the North Pole.
	As rising temperatures threaten urban wildlife, experts recommend protecting green spaces When a family of red foxes popped up in Lurie Garden in May, frolicking through Millennium Park and grooming each other on a concrete slab, Seth Magle said it was an exciting development for a species that is becoming increasingly rare in the Chicago area.
	Stars and inner compass guide moths and birds, say researchers Gray-brown bogong moths may not be much to look at, but every year they perform a nocturnal journey worthy of attention. Billions of them fly as many as 1,000 kilometers from plains in eastern Australia to mountain caves to escape the summer heat.
	Bird species changing faster than expected in protected areas A recent study by University of Helsinki researchers has found that bird communities inside and outside protected areas are beginning to resemble each other as a result of climate change. In both areas, southern species increased in abundance, while northern species decreased.
	There's a thriving global market in turtles, and much of that trade is illegal Hatchling turtles are cute, small and inexpensive. Handled improperly, they can also make you sick.
	Is deer culling the answer to Scottish woodland regeneration? New research from the Cairngorms Connect Partnership demonstrates the use of controlled deer culling for forest regeneration across Scotland. The work has been published in the Journal of Applied Ecology.
	Researchers see a future for agricultural solar parks, but also challenges Solar parks and agriculture do not have to be placed on separate fields. It is possible to combine both functions on the same field, researchers from Wageningen University & Research and Renergize Consultancy write in their position paper "Producing food and electricity on the same square meter." Researchers see a future for agricultural solar parks, but also challenges. This new concept provides opportunities, but also requires new knowledge as well as modified legislation and regulations.
	Undergraduate researcher discovers unexpected diversity in key river microorganisms Once a week for the past year, Kylee Brevick could be found at two particular spots on the Willamette and Columbia rivers, taking samples of water for testing. The undergraduate biochemistry major (and environmental science minor) was undertaking an independent research project with support from PSU's BUILD EXITO program, which helps students gain biomedical research experience and skills.
	New population numbers: 1.4 million whales, dolphins and porpoises in the European Atlantic The large-scale international survey SCANS-IV has estimated there are more than 1.4 million whales, dolphins and porpoises in the European Atlantic.
	Climate change and cattle: Genetics may hold answer to heat stress tolerance How do farmers decide which cows to breed and which to put out to pasture?
	Report: Ten billion mouths to feed by 2050 When it comes to feeding a growing population at a time of conflict and climate change, Mother Earth has a lot on her plate. To build a sustainable future we'll need to return to a farm-to-table model, and that's opening up vast and exciting avenues of research for scientists in an array of fields. In this special report, we explore some of the developments taking place in research labs and out on the farm.
	Examining how bryophytes adapt without gibberellin When life gets tough, nature usually finds a way to help the little guys.
	'Invasion' of tropical birds known as limpkins reported in Illinois—invasive snails may be attractive food source While on a recent visit to the Chicago Botanic Garden, Ann Harness spotted a creature she'd never seen before. The tall brown bird with a long bill looked like a cross between a rail and a heron.
	More and more emerging diseases threaten trees around the world Diseases are among the major causes of tree mortality in both forests and urban areas. New diseases are continually being introduced, and pathogens are continually jumping to new hosts, threatening more and more tree species. When exposed to novel hosts, emerging diseases can cause mortality previously unseen in the native range.
	Identifying biosecurity to prevent chronic wasting disease transmission among deer populations As chronic wasting disease (CWD) ravaged deer populations across the country in recent years, studies have primarily focused on how CWD can jump from farmed herds to wild deer, with little attention given to how transmission may occur from wild deer to those living on farms.
	Countries pledge to raise $12 billion to help coral A coalition of 45 countries pledged Tuesday to raise $12 billion for conservation and restoration of coral reefs, which are threatened worldwide by the effects of climate change.
	Feds propose protections for turtles that nearly went extinct in Washington state A small and once-prominent species of turtle, endangered by invasive bullfrogs, human development and climate change, might soon see a boost in efforts to rebuild its populations throughout the West.
	Q&A: New lymphedema-on-chip platform holds promise In a new PNAS study co-authored by Boston University biomedical engineer Dr. Chris Chen, researchers say they're getting closer to understanding the mysteries of lymphedema—a condition characterized by the buildup of fluid in the body due to a malfunctioning lymphatic system. Until now, the reasons behind this disorder have remained elusive.

Medicine and Health news

	Infant immune systems found to have unique and effective responses to SARS-CoV-2 Research led by the University of Tübingen, Germany, along with partners at Stanford University, Emory University and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, U.S., has looked into infant immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infections during the initial months of life.
	Mental health services spending for kids and adolescents has risen by more than 25% since beginning of pandemic: Study Spending on mental health services for children and adolescents has risen by more than one-quarter since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, continuing to rise even as the use of telehealth plateaued, according to a new RAND Corporation study.
	Can science take the STING out of runaway inflammation? Until the COVID-19 pandemic exploded, few people outside of research labs and intensive care units had heard of a cytokine storm. But once this dangerous form of infection-triggered runaway inflammation started claiming lives by the thousands, a legion of scientists jumped into the hunt for ways to calm these storms.
	Risk-stratification algorithm significantly reduces unnecessary ovary removal in girls, study shows Many children and adolescent girls diagnosed with an ovarian mass may be able to avoid ovary removal and its lifelong consequences with the use of a consensus-based risk stratification algorithm. Algorithm use helps doctors gauge the patient's risk of a malignancy and guides preoperative decision making, according to a new multi-institutional study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
	Computer model predicts who needs lung cancer screening A machine learning model equipped with only data on people's age, smoking duration and the number of cigarettes smoked per day can predict lung cancer risk and identify who needs lung cancer screening, according to a new study published in the open access journal PLOS Medicine by Thomas Callender of University College London, UK, and colleagues.
	When cells go boom: Study reveals inflammation-causing gene carried by millions Australian researchers at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) have found that a genetic change that increases the risk of inflammation, through a process described as "explosive" cell death, is carried by up to 3% of the global population.
	Global consumption of sugary drinks has increased at least 16% since 1990, says study The decision to reach for a sugary beverage is heavily influenced by where you live, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy researchers report in a new study published October 3 in the journal Nature Communications. While an analysis of the Global Dietary Database for the years 1990, 2005, and 2018 found overall consumption of sweetened drinks increased—by nearly 16% worldwide over the 28-year period studied—regional intake widely varied.
	Type 2 diabetes diagnosis at age 30 can reduce life expectancy by up to 14 years, warn experts An individual diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at age 30 years could see their life expectancy fall by as much as 14 years, an international team of researchers has warned.
	AI innovation inspires hope in early detection of pancreatic cancer Estimated to become the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. by 2030, pancreatic cancer has a grim prognosis with nearly 70% of patients facing mortality within the first year of diagnosis. Unfortunately, 40% of small pancreatic cancers elude detection on CT scans until they've advanced to an incurable stage.
	Extra-large synapses could be a cause of schizophrenia Schizophrenia may be associated with the excessive formation of oversized and hyperactive synaptic connections between nerves in the brain, a mouse model and a human post-mortem study published in Science Advances by RIKEN researchers suggests. This finding points to potential new modes of treatment for this challenging brain disorder.
	Researchers confirm the link between balding and skin cancer Researchers from QIMR Berghofer have uncovered compelling new evidence that establishes why people with hair loss can be more susceptible to deadly skin cancers.
	Study identifies a novel regulator of dormant cancer cells and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer More than 1.9 million new colorectal cancer (including anus) cases and 935,000 deaths were estimated to occur worldwide in 2020, representing about one in 10 cancer cases and deaths. Overall, colorectal ranks third in terms of incidence, but second in terms of mortality. Intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemotherapy leads to disease relapse in many CRC patients, representing and unmet clinical need.
	Small doses of mushrooms can have a beneficial effect on mental disorders, study finds A new research result from the University of Southern Denmark opens the door to the possibility of using psilocybin, the active compound in mushrooms with psychedelic properties, as a therapeutic tool through microdosing.
	Discovery may complement recovery from ischemic stroke A study led by Nicolas Bazan, MD, Ph.D., Director of the LSU Health New Orleans Neuroscience Center, pinpointed which cells within specific areas of the brain are involved in post-stroke response and found that the delivery of precursors of Elovanoids, a class of molecules that synchronize cell-to-cell communication and neuroinflammation/immune activity in response to injury, improved neurological deficit in an experimental model of ischemic stroke.
	Targeting unsuspected protein reverses lymphedema, shows 3D in-vitro model study The human lymphatic system consists of a vast network of vessels that drain protein-rich fluid in tissues and transport it to lymph nodes. When the machinery goes awry and the lymphatic vessels don't drain properly, the fluid accumulates in the tissues, leading to painful swelling known as lymphedema.
	Synthetic peptide could reduce vascular problems associated with COVID-ARDS A synthetic peptide developed by researchers at the Medical College of Georgia could help reduce vascular problems associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19.
	New strategy for eye condition could replace injections with eyedrops A new compound developed at the University of Illinois Chicago potentially could offer an alternative to injections for the millions of people who suffer from an eye condition that causes blindness.
	Protein experts show altered ubiquitin signaling induces hallmarks of sporadic Alzheimer's disease New discoveries in the development of Alzheimer's disease in a study led by Professor Michael Glickman and Dr. Inbal Maniv from the Faculty of Biology at the Technion were published in Nature Communications.
	Human disease simulator lets scientists 'choose their own adventure' Imagine a device smaller than a toddler's shoebox that can simulate any human disease in multiple organs or test new drugs without ever entering—or harming—the body.
	Gene discoveries open door to preventing deadly coronary artery disease An international team of scientists that includes a University of Virginia scientist has identified nearly a dozen genes that contribute to calcium buildup in our coronary arteries that can lead to life-threatening coronary artery disease, a condition responsible for up to 1 in 4 deaths in the United States. Doctors may be able to target these genes with existing medications—or possibly even nutritional supplements—to slow or halt the disease's progression.
	From A to Z: An alternative base modification for mRNA therapeutics Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology has become popular in the last few years due to its use in COVID-19 vaccines. This technology has been so groundbreaking that it recently won the 2023 Nobel Prize in medicine "for discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19."
	Brain regions identified that may play a role in breathing failure following seizures New findings may take scientists a step closer to understanding what causes SUDEP—Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy—a rare but fatal complication of epilepsy.
	PARMESAN: An AI-based predictive tool to find new treatments for genetic disorders To discover new treatments for genetic disorders, scientists need a thorough knowledge of prior literature to determine the best gene/protein targets and the most promising drugs to test. However, biomedical literature is growing at an explosive rate and often contains conflicting information, making it increasingly time-consuming for researchers to conduct a complete and thorough review.
	Research offers pregnant women new hope for safe and effective gestational diabetes treatment Researchers have taken a significant step forward in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus after a clinical trial involving pregnant women provided new hope for expectant mothers suffering the condition.
	Eating disorders increased during pandemic in female adolescents and adults, says new research Emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions for eating disorders increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents aged 10–17 years, as did ED visits among young adults and older adults, according to new research published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.
	New rights for UK donor babies as they turn 18 Around 30 young adults conceived via sperm or egg donation in the UK will soon be able to discover the identity of their biological parent.
	Study shows most adolescent vapers do not use cessation resources Most adolescent electronic cigarette users do not use cessation resources in their attempts to quit, according to a study published online Oct. 2 in Pediatrics.
	Q&A: The impact of childhood bullying on adult mental health During National Bullying Prevention Month, it must be acknowledged that the impact of bullying extends well beyond childhood. Adults who were bullied as children may be at greater risk for depressive outcomes.
	Surgical scorecards may cut cost of surgical procedures without impacting outcomes Surgical scorecards, a tool that gives direct feedback to surgeons about their procedure costs in the operating room, may significantly reduce costs without impacting clinical outcomes, according to a study published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons (JACS).
	Rural counties show steeper decline in health measures compared to urban counties in 2015 vs. 2019 Residents of rural counties have overall worse health outcomes than their urban counterparts. A study published in PLOS Global Public Health by William Weeks at Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States and colleagues introduces a Health Equity Dashboard for policy makers to visualize health disparities in specific locations, and to examine the relationship between health-related measures and socio-demographic characteristics.
	AI combines chest X-rays with patient data to improve diagnosis A new artificial intelligence (AI) model combines imaging information with clinical patient data to improve diagnostic performance on chest X-rays, according to a study published in Radiology.
	Interconnected factors increase household food insecurity in Brazil, study finds Food insecurity is four times higher in Brazilian households headed by single women of color than those headed by married white men, according to research published in the open access journal PLOS Global Public Health. Gender inequities, skin color and children in the home increase the risk of food insecurity and the authors argue that policy makers need to consider intersectionality in programs to reduce it.
	Congenital syphilis rates are soaring, but resources to stem infections are lacking States are seeing an alarming surge in cases of congenital syphilis, a preventable infection that can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, newborn death—or lifelong complications such as blindness or deafness.
	Q&A: Tenacious curiosity in the lab can lead to a Nobel Prize—the unpredictable value of basic scientific research The 2023 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine will go to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman for their discovery that modifying mRNA—a form of genetic material your body uses to produce proteins—could reduce unwanted inflammatory responses and allow it to be delivered into cells. While the impact of their findings may not have been apparent at the time of their breakthrough over a decade ago, their work paved the way for the development of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines, as well as many other therapeutic applications currently in development.
	Nobel prize in medicine awarded to mRNA pioneers. How their discovery was integral to COVID vaccine development Billions of people around the world have received the Pfizer or Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. The rapid development of these vaccines changed the course of the pandemic, providing protection against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
	HIV self-test kits are meant to empower, but they don't necessarily lead to HIV treatment or prevention HIV self-test kits were developed to make it easier for people to access HIV testing. However, our research team has found that many people who use self-test kits do not go on to receive needed HIV treatment or start preexposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, to prevent future infection.
	Psychedelics plus psychotherapy can trigger rapid changes in the brain: New research is untangling how The human brain can change—but usually only slowly and with great effort, such as when learning a new sport or foreign language, or recovering from a stroke. Learning new skills correlates with changes in the brain, as evidenced by neuroscience research with animals and functional brain scans in people. Presumably, if you master Calculus 1, something is now different in your brain. Furthermore, motor neurons in the brain expand and contract depending on how often they are exercised—a neuronal reflection of "use it or lose it."
	Long COVID patients are much more likely to have multiple organ abnormalities, finds research It wasn't that long ago that some people speculated that long COVID was all in the mind—a psychosomatic illness. Thankfully, that period of speculation is now behind us. We have compelling evidence that long COVID is very real and very harmful.
	Researchers discover details to improve mapping of electric-acoustic stimulation hearing devices Evan Nix, MD, and colleagues in the division of Otology/Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery and the division of Auditory Research in the UNC Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery have been studying the functional acoustic hearing regions of cochlear implant recipients.
	AI's balance of power: AI needs people as much as it needs data An inconspicuous box sits beside the Wi-Fi router, silently humming its own much-lower-energy radio waves through the house. The patient—who has a family history of Parkinson's disease—makes dinner, watches TV, and falls asleep. Nothing amiss.
	Treatment of chronic spinal cord injury restores function to forelimb in rat study A new study published in the Journal of Neurotrauma demonstrates a strategy for treating a chronic spinal cord injury in rats that led to functional recovery of the paralyzed forelimb and paw and precision movements of the digits.
	Q&A: Brush your teeth—bad oral hygiene linked to cancer, heart attacks and renal failure It's normal to have bacteria in your mouth. But harmful bacteria have been linked to a host of health problems. Medical scientist Glenda Davison and microbiologist Yvonne Prince, who have researched the oral cavity, explain why it's so important to practice good oral hygiene.
	Q&A: Obstetrician-gynecologist advocates for reproductive justice for all Last year, an 18-month bipartisan Senate investigation concluded that migrant women held at a privately-run Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention facility in Georgia were subjected to unnecessary and unwanted gynecological procedures. The 108-page report was prompted by a 2020 whistleblower complaint alleging a years-long pattern of "aggressive and unethical" treatment of women.
	Language recognition found to be as much about brains as it is about hearing How well we understand spoken language may depend more on our brains than our ears.
	A review of performance measures for osteoporosis finds gap in measuring early treatment A review of current performance measures that are applied to evaluate quality of osteoporosis care found that of the six osteoporosis performance measures relevant to internal medicine physicians, only one was found to be valid.
	Study uncovers reasons Americans did not get booster vaccines In September 2022, new bivalent COVID-19 boosters became available in the United States, but less than 20% of the eligible population ultimately received one. A new study led by researchers in the University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health identified why so many Americans did not receive a booster.
	What happens to our cardiovascular system as we age? With every pump of our heart, blood courses through our arteries and veins, carrying oxygen and nutrients through our body. But as we age, blood vessels can stiffen, blockages can build up, and the system may become prone to inflammation, resulting in increased risk of heart attacks, heart failure, and other cardiac dysfunction.
	Why more preventive cancer screenings are needed in the Hispanic community According to a recent study by the American Cancer Society, cancer is a leading cause of death among those of Hispanic heritage living in the U.S. Hispanic and Latino people are less likely to be diagnosed with lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers than non-Hispanic white men and women.
	Q&A: 'Sports specialization' in young athletes can do more harm than good "Sports specialization" is a topic that's come to the forefront in recent years, meaning athletes that are playing one particular sport, especially year-round. This is at the exclusion of other activities that they would otherwise be doing, which can have negative effects on the athlete.
	Metabolic signature can help predict which smokers will develop type 2 diabetes New research being presented at this year's Annual Meeting of The European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in Hamburg (2–6 Oct) finds that cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in part by affecting a variety of metabolites—small chemicals produced in the processes of metabolism—that circulate in the bloodstream.
	Is universal screening for type 1 diabetes around the corner? The latest data on universal screening for type 1 diabetes (T1D) is reviewed in a session at this year's Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in Hamburg, Germany (2–6 October). The talk will be given by Dr. Emily K. Sims, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, U.S..
	Obesity, high blood pressure and lipid imbalance trigger progressive loss of energy generation capacity in the heart Three major cardiovascular risk factors—obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (a high blood concentration of cholesterol or triglycerides)—alter cardiac energy production by interfering in the uptake of the metabolic substrates the heart uses to generate energy. These substrates are mostly fats and glucose, and their altered uptake could be the cause of conditions like heart disease, which appear many years later.
	Metabolically healthy obesity: Fact or fiction? A session at this year's Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes will explore the latest data on the concept of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO)—more commonly known by the public as "fat but fit." Professor Matthias Blüher, University of Leipzig, Leipzig and Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany will explain how we define MHO and ask if it can really be described as healthy.
	Emergency department screening could detect thousands of undiagnosed prediabetes and diabetes cases, study suggests The introduction of screening for type 2 diabetes in Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments could uncover thousands of previously undiagnosed cases every year, suggests new research being presented at this year's Annual Meeting of The European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in Hamburg (2–6 Oct).
	Following one death, FDA warns hospitals about giving probiotics to preemies Federal regulators are cautioning doctors not to give probiotics to preterm infants.
	Real-world study confirms reliability of tool assessing 10-year risk prediction of heart disease A recent study based on real-world community patient data confirms the effectiveness of the Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE), developed by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology in 2013.
	Inflammatory bowel disease tied to higher risk for gout Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is strongly associated with gout, according to a study published online Sept. 1 in JGH Open.
	Using recent diagnostic scans can substantially cut time to treatment for patients needing urgent palliation Using previously taken diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans in place of CT simulation scans to plan simple palliative radiation treatments can substantially reduce the time some people spend waiting for urgent treatment, improving the patient experience, a new study suggests.
	New 'racism-conscious' approach to shaping public policies that advance health equity Health inequities are extremely common for racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., impacting everything from chronic-disease rates, infant mortality and overall lifespan. Although the health gaps are driven by multiple social and political variables, it is increasingly clear to public health researchers that racism is a key factor.
	Researchers report protein mutation creates 'super' T cells with potential to fight off cancer and infections Using laboratory-grown cells from humans and genetically engineered mice, scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine say they have evidence that modifying a specific protein in immune white blood cells known as CD8+ T cells can make the cells more robust, potentially opening the door for better use of people's own immune system T cells to fight cancer.
	Mobile health-delivered coaching cuts blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes: Study A clinical pharmacist and health coach-delivered mobile health intervention can improve blood glucose levels in African American and Latinx populations, according to a study published online Sept. 29 in JAMA Network Open.
	Suspected bronchiectasis linked to mortality with normal spirometry For adults with a history of smoking and normal spirometry, suspected bronchiectasis is associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality, according to a study published online Oct. 3 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Minimally invasive transperineal laser ablation of the prostate appears effective Minimally invasive transperineal laser ablation (TPLA) of the prostate appears effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), according to a review published online Sept. 21 in Therapeutic Advances in Urology.
	Sexual, gender minorities with chronic skin diseases more likely to face barriers to care Sexual and gender-minority (SGM) patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases (CISDs) are more likely to experience cost and noncost barriers to care, according to a study published online Sept. 27 in JAMA Dermatology.
	Total vascular score from PET scans prognostic in giant cell arteritis For patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA), a higher total vascular score (TVS) based on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging at diagnosis is associated with a greater increase in thoracic aortic dimensions, according to a study published online Oct. 3 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Team reports on promising treatment for cancer-related fatigue Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating yet all-too-common condition, which can severely affect quality of life for patients undergoing treatment. For those struggling with CRF, there have been no effective pharmaceutical treatments for the constellation of symptoms that together define the syndrome.
	Oral lipid nanoparticle drug can prevent development of colitis-associated cancer, researchers find An oral lipid nanoparticle drug prevents tumor development in mice, suggesting this is a promising drug formulation for preventing colitis-associated cancer, according to a study led by researchers in the Institute for Biomedical Sciences at Georgia State University.
	Loneliness could raise risk for Parkinson's, study finds Loneliness can leave many feeling desolate, but new research now suggests it may also leave people vulnerable to Parkinson's disease.
	Seniors, here are the meds that can harm your driving skills Some common medications—including antidepressants, sleep aids and painkillers—may dull the driving skills of seniors, a new study finds.
	Clinical VX-880 trial improves blood sugar control in all treated patients, with three achieving insulin independence Six adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) treated with stem cell-derived islet cells (VX-880) have shown improved blood sugar control, with three participants achieving insulin independence, according to new research being presented at this year's Annual Meeting of The European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in Hamburg (2–6 Oct).
	Critical data gaps on doctor-assisted deaths in Oregon amid rise in participants Physician-assisted suicide, as it's formally known, has been legal in the U.S. state of Oregon since 1997 under the Death with Dignity Act.
	AI gets high marks from doctors in answering medical questions The ChatGPT artificial intelligence (AI) program could grow into a source of accurate and comprehensive medical information, but it's not quite ready for prime time yet, a new study reports.
	Hispanics killed by firearms at twice the rate of whites, study finds The rate of firearm homicide among Hispanic populations in the United States was more than two times higher than that of white Americans in 2021, the largest disparity in more than a decade, according to new research led by the University of Michigan.
	An ancient anti-cancer mechanism: DISE A new editorial paper titled "DISE, an ancient anti-cancer mechanism that senses mutational load in cancerous cells?" has been published in Oncotarget.
	Independent physician practices can keep up with larger consolidated practices in a pandemic Large health systems are acquiring smaller physician practices at what some consider an alarming rate, leaving fewer independent practices. When the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, it was unclear whether the independent practices would be able to "keep up" (maintain the same level of patient care) with larger practices, which have more resources, and if care for patients with chronic conditions might be disrupted by the pandemic.
	Fatty liver disease patients more likely to suffer from personality disorder, study finds Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are more likely to suffer with a personality disorder than people without the condition, a new study reveals.
	Study: 1 in 3 adults with new-onset AFib occurring during hospitalization will have recurrent episode within a year A study of more than 130 hospitalized adults with transient new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) found that 1 in 3 patients experienced a recurrent episode of AF within a year of hospitalization—a rate approximately 7 times higher than in matched control participants. These findings suggest that oral anticoagulation therapy may be warranted in these patients. The study is published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
	New Medicare Advantage plans tailor offerings to Asian Americans, Latinos and LGBTQ+ As Medicare Advantage continues to gain popularity among seniors, three Southern California companies are pioneering new types of plans that target cultural and ethnic communities with special offerings and native-language practitioners.
	She received chemo in two states. Why did it cost so much more in Alaska? Emily Gebel was trying to figure out why she was having trouble breastfeeding. That's when she felt a lump.
	Drugmakers agree to US govt price talks amid pushback Major drugmakers have grudgingly agreed to negotiate on reducing prices for 10 medicines, the White House said Tuesday, a key element in President Joe Biden's push to lower health care costs ahead of the 2024 election.
	Why popular sleep meds don't actually help you get better sleep. They just sedate you, expert says It's midnight and you're still wide awake.
	Do your medications and supplements affect your blood pressure? If you've been diagnosed with high blood pressure, you're in good company. Nearly half of the adults in the U.S. have high blood pressure, and many don't even know they have it, according to the American Heart Association.
	France to hold crisis meetings on bedbug 'scourge' The French government said Tuesday it would host emergency meetings this week to examine surging numbers of reported bedbug cases, which are being increasingly seen as a major potential public health problem.

Other Sciences news

	Mathematical bedtime stories may build better mathematical memory Researchers Jayne Spiller and Camilla Gilmore at the Center for Mathematical Cognition, University of Loughborough, U.K., have investigated the intersection of sleep and mathematical memory, finding that sleep after learning improves recall.
	How are ancient Roman and Mayan buildings still standing? Scientists are unlocking their secrets In the quest to build better for the future, some are looking for answers in the long-ago past.
	Reflecting on one's values increases success in job search, says study Researchers show in a new study that a short reflection exercise to boost self confidence increases job search success. This holds true even for the long-term unemployed and people over 50.
	Riskier times on campuses mean we need a tool for prevention and intervention of sexual assaults, researchers say The excitement of entering a new academic year for university and college students can be palpable and filled with hope. But the start of the school year in post-secondary settings also has a shadow side, known as the red zone.
	Opinion: Montréal's 'mixed' police squads don't help the city's unhoused people. They cause more harm Since 2009, Montréal has seen a proliferation of what are known as "mixed squads," which generally involve a police officer working alongside a social worker or health worker to respond to situations in public spaces.
	Researcher: Even before deepfakes, tech was a tool of abuse and control Of the many "profound risks to society and humanity" that have tech experts worried about artificial intelligence (AI), the spread of fake images is one that everyday internet users will be familiar with.
	Q&A: Nigeria's new blue economy ministry could harness marine resources, moving the focus away from oil Nigeria's President Bola Ahmed Tinubu announced a new ministerial portfolio in August: Marine and Blue Economy. This was welcome news as it renewed hope for economic development outside the oil sector. We asked marine sustainability and blue economy expert Isa Olalekan Elegbede to explain how the ministry could benefit Nigeria.
	The burials that could challenge historians' ideas about Anglo-Saxon gender There are a significant number of Anglo-Saxon burials where the estimated anatomical sex of the skeleton does not align with the gender implied by the items they were buried with. Some bodies identified as male have been buried with feminine clothing, and some bodies identified as female have been found in the sorts of "warrior graves" typically associated with men.
	New research shows how companies could be gaming their reported greenhouse gas emissions New research by academics at King's Business School has shown that companies are able to "game" their reported greenhouse gas emissions to an extent that is both financially and environmentally material because of the discretion they have around the methods and datasets they use in their calculations.
	Relatable, welcoming cities play large role in migrant success, finds study Just how welcoming Toronto and other global cities are to migrants can play a large role in their success at navigating physical and social barriers to reestablish their careers, found York University researchers.
	Three steps for getting over social media envy: Advice from a psychologist In the past, you may have envied your neighbor when they bought a new car or went on holiday abroad when you could not. Although these feelings of envy would have been perfectly valid, they were isolated incidents that would last for a short period of time.
	Too much of a good thing? Banks enjoying high returns in favorable times could be 'warning sign' Banks reporting high profits in good times could be taking greater risks with their portfolios that lead to bigger trouble in a future downturn, according to a study co-authored by a University of Michigan researcher and others with past affiliations to the school.
	Women, minority faculty less likely to negotiate pay or seek other job opportunities, finds study Race and gender inequities in faculty representation and support have been widely acknowledged, but a new University of Michigan study reveals a previously underexplored contributor to disparities in pay and employment conditions: negotiation behavior.
	A rise in breastfeeding comes at expense of mothers' careers, new study finds Breast is best, or so the campaign launched by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says.
	How people perceive multiracial faces isn't always so Black and White, study finds Barack Obama. Meghan Markle. Trevor Noah. Depending on your race, you might consider these and other Multiracial people as Black, White, or somewhere in-between, according to new research by psychologists at Duke University and the University of Chicago.
	Promises to get tough on youth crime might win votes, but the evidence shows it hasn't worked for NZ The promise to "get tough on youth crime" is a New Zealand election perennial. This year, parties on both the left and right have pledged to crack down on young offenders—despite a lot of evidence that such approaches do not work in the long term.
	Researchers started a service for people worried about their sexual thoughts about children: Here's what they found In its 2017 final report, the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse identified that there was no large-scale national early intervention service in Australia for people worried about their sexual thoughts or behaviors in relation to children. Among the Commission's final recommendations was the implementation of such a service to help stop people from committing such abuse.
	Rosebank shows the UK's offshore oil regulator no longer serves the public good, say researchers In a four-line statement announcing the approval of the new Rosebank oil field 80 miles west of Shetland, the UK's offshore oil and gas regulator showed its mission no longer serves the public good.

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