Science X Newsletter Tue, Apr 23

Dear ,

Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for April 23, 2024:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

A new framework to generate human motions from language prompts

Observations explore globular cluster system in the galaxy NGC 4262

Study suggests that living near green spaces reduces the risk of depression and anxiety

Hunting for the elusive: IceCube observes seven potential tau neutrinos

CMS Collaboration observes new all-heavy quark structures

How light can vaporize water without the need for heat

Study shines light on properties and promise of hexagonal boron nitride, used in electronic and photonics technologies

Supercomputer simulation reveals new mechanism for membrane fusion

Manipulating the geometry of the 'electron universe' in magnets

Researchers detect a new molecule in space

Record electron temperatures for a small-scale, sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch fusion device achieved

Laser-treated cork absorbs oil for carbon-neutral ocean cleanup

Bursts of beta rhythms implement cognitive control: Studying these bursts may improve understanding of cognition

Brain neurons re-entering the cell cycle age quickly and shift to senescence, particularly in neurodegenerative disease

New evidence found for Planet 9

Nanotechnology news

	Breaking boundaries in tiny labs: New technology using sound waves has implications for nanoparticle manipulation Acoustofluidics elegantly merges acoustics with fluid mechanics, enabling precise manipulation of fluids and particles on both micro and nanoscales. This interdisciplinary field plays a crucial role in biomedicine, tissue engineering, and nanoparticles synthesis. However, the effectiveness and potential of traditional acoustofluidic devices are often curtailed by their dependency on the specific geometries of fluidic chambers, thus limiting their adaptability and versatility.
	Scientists stencil-paint carbon nanotube components for flexible transparent electronics Researchers from Skoltech, MIPT, and elsewhere have found a fast and inexpensive way to create geometric patterns in carbon nanotube films. The resulting films turned out to have superior properties for manufacturing components for 6G communication devices and flexible and transparent electronics—such as wearable health trackers. The patterning method is detailed in a paper in the Chemical Engineering Journal.
	New nanocomposite from papaya peel waste exhibits promising photocatalytic and antibacterial activity In a significant leap towards sustainable environmental management and antimicrobial strategies, a team of international researchers has successfully synthesized a fluorescent carbon dot (CD) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite from papaya peel waste. The study, published in the Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, details a one-step hydrothermal method to fabricate the nanocomposite, which was then characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques.

Physics news

	Hunting for the elusive: IceCube observes seven potential tau neutrinos Researchers at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica have found seven signals that could potentially indicate tau neutrinos—which are famously hard to detect—from astrophysical objects.
	CMS Collaboration observes new all-heavy quark structures For over a decade, the CMS Collaboration, a large team of researchers based at different institutes worldwide, has been analyzing data collected at the Compact Muon Solenoid, a general-purpose particle detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This large-scale international scientific collaboration has been trying to observe various elusive physical phenomena, including exotic particles and dark matter candidates.
	How light can vaporize water without the need for heat It's the most fundamental of processes—the evaporation of water from the surfaces of oceans and lakes, the burning off of fog in the morning sun, and the drying of briny ponds that leaves solid salt behind. Evaporation is all around us, and humans have been observing it and making use of it for as long as we have existed.
	Study shines light on properties and promise of hexagonal boron nitride, used in electronic and photonics technologies Single-photon emitters (SPEs) are akin to microscopic lightbulbs that emit only one photon (a quantum of light) at a time. These tiny structures hold immense importance for the development of quantum technology, particularly in applications such as secure communications and high-resolution imaging. However, many materials that contain SPEs are impractical for use in mass manufacturing due to their high cost and the difficulty of integrating them into complex devices.
	Manipulating the geometry of the 'electron universe' in magnets Researchers at Tohoku University and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency have developed fundamental experiments and theories to manipulate the geometry of the "electron universe," which describes the structure of electronic quantum states in a manner mathematically similar to the actual universe, within a magnetic material under ambient conditions.
	Record electron temperatures for a small-scale, sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch fusion device achieved In the nine decades since humans first produced fusion reactions, only a few fusion technologies have demonstrated the ability to make a thermal fusion plasma with electron temperatures hotter than 10 million degrees Celsius, roughly the temperature of the core of the sun. Zap Energy's unique approach, known as a sheared-flow-stabilized Z pinch, has now joined those rarefied ranks, far exceeding this plasma temperature milestone in a device that is a fraction of the scale of other fusion systems.
	Novel method could explore gluon saturation at the future electron-ion collider The U.S. nuclear physics community is preparing to build the electron–ion collider (EIC), a flagship facility for probing the properties of matter and the strong nuclear force that holds matter together. The EIC will allow scientists to study how nucleons (protons and neutrons) arise from the complex interactions of quarks and gluons.
	The big quantum chill: Scientists modify common lab refrigerator to cool faster with less energy By modifying a refrigerator commonly used in both research and industry, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have drastically reduced the time and energy required to cool materials to within a few degrees above absolute zero.
	Spintronics research shows material's magnetic properties can predict how a spin current changes with temperature Spintronics is a field garnering immense attention for its range of potential advantages for conventional electronics. These include reducing power consumption, high-speed operation, non-volatility, and the potential for new functionalities.
	Tunable quantum anomalous Hall effects in van der Waals heterostructures The quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) has unique advantages in topotronic applications, but realizing the QAHE with tunable magnetic and topological properties for building functional devices is still a key scientific challenge. Through first-principles calculations, researchers have predicted a candidate material that meets these requirements.
	Tailoring electron vortex beams with customizable intensity patterns by electron diffraction holography A new research study from Opto-Electronic Advances discusses tailoring electron vortex beams with customizable intensity patterns by electron diffraction holography.

Earth news

	Laser-treated cork absorbs oil for carbon-neutral ocean cleanup Oil spills are deadly disasters for ocean ecosystems. They can have lasting impacts on fish and marine mammals for decades and wreak havoc on coastal forests, coral reefs, and the surrounding land. Chemical dispersants are often used to break down oil, but they often increase toxicity in the process.
	Study shows it's not too late to save the West Antarctic Ice Sheet New research has found a "missing piece of the puzzle" of West Antarctic Ice Sheet melt, revealing that the collapse of the ice sheet in the Ross Sea region can be prevented—if we keep to a low-emissions pathway.
	Estimating emissions potential of decommissioned gas wells from shale samples Extracting natural gas from shale formations can provide an abundant, lower-carbon footprint fossil fuel, but also creates concerns over increased methane emissions. A team led by Penn State researchers has developed a new tool that can estimate the emission potential of shale wells after they are no longer active.
	To accelerate biosphere science, researchers say reconnect three scientific cultures Researchers who study Earth's biosphere tend to operate from one of three scientific cultures, each with distinct ways of conducting science, and which have been operating mostly independently from one another, find the authors of a Perspective published in PNAS on April 19, 2024. SFI Professors Christopher Kempes and Geoffrey West, together with External Professor Brian Enquist (University of Arizona) identify and explain the three cultures, and suggest that reconnecting them could help accelerate biosphere science.
	When red-hot isn't enough: New government heat risk tool sets magenta as most dangerous level Forget about red hot. A new color-coded heat warning system relies on magenta to alert Americans to the most dangerous conditions they may see this summer.
	Ecosystems are deeply interconnected—environmental research, policy and management should be too Why are we crossing ecological boundaries that affect Earth's fundamental life-supporting capacity? Is it because we don't have enough information about how ecosystems respond to change? Or are we unable, even unwilling, to use that information better?
	Vastly bigger than the Black Summer: 84 million hectares of northern Australia burned in 2023 It may come as a surprise to hear 2023 was Australia's biggest bushfire season in more than a decade. Fires burned across an area eight times as big as the 2019–20 Black Summer bushfires that tore through 10 million hectares in southeast Australia.
	A new electrochemical approach could reduce ocean acidity and remove carbon in the process In the effort to combat the catastrophic impacts of global warming, we must accelerate carbon emissions reduction efforts and rapidly scale strategies to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and the oceans. The technologies for reducing our carbon emissions are mature; those for removing carbon from the environment are not, and need robust support from governments and the private sector.
	A global plastics treaty is being negotiated in Ottawa this week—here's the latest Plastic pollution spans the globe, yet national policies are generally not effective enough, and have so far focused primarily on waste management rather than targeting the root cause. To make matters worse, the global trade in plastic waste tends to push waste to parts of the world with the least capacity to manage it.
	Transporting hazardous materials across the country isn't easy—that's why there's a host of regulations in place Ever wonder what those colorful signs with symbols and numbers on the backs of trucks mean? They're just one visible part of a web of regulations that aim to keep workers and the environment safe while shipping hazardous waste.
	From the coast to the deep sea, changing oxygen levels affect marine life in different ways Earth's atmosphere maintains a constant level of oxygen, whether it is a wintry, rainy day or hot summer. Across the ocean, oxygen concentrations vary enormously between different places and over time. Sometimes oxygen levels change within the course of a day, while in some deep parts of the ocean, oxygen concentrations remain constant. In certain places, there's no oxygen at all but life still thrives.
	Planting trees in grasslands won't save the planet—instead, protect and restore forests Tree planting is one of the nature-based solutions being used to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Trees absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. Many of these tree planting projects target Africa's rangelands (open grasslands or shrublands used by livestock and wild animals).
	Beyond higher temperatures: Preparing for national security risks posed by climate change When talk turns to climate change, certain images pop to mind—maybe polar bears on ever-shrinking ice floes, coral reefs drained of color, or more powerful hurricanes hitting the coast.
	How creating less-gassy cows could help fight climate change A Curtin University study has revealed breeding less-flatulent cows and restoring agricultural land could significantly reduce rising methane emission levels, which play a considerable role in climate change.
	Lakes worldwide are facing a slew of health issues that may become chronic Like humans, lakes are living systems that can suffer from a number of health issues, including circulatory and respiratory problems, infections, nutritional imbalances, and heat-related illnesses. Without treatment, these conditions can become chronic, harming lake ecosystems and those who depend on them. More than 12% of the world's human population, for instance, lives within 3 kilometers of a lake.
	Community beach clean-ups could beat high-tech solutions for clearing plastic pollution Local community beach cleans could be more effective than high-tech, but often unproven, removal technologies at limiting ocean plastic's harm to the environment and humans, according to a new report.
	NASA's CloudSat ends mission peering into the heart of clouds CloudSat, a NASA mission that peered into hurricanes, tallied global snowfall rates, and achieved other weather and climate firsts, has ended its operations. Originally proposed as a 22-month mission, the spacecraft was recently decommissioned after almost 18 years observing the vertical structure and ice/water content of clouds.
	Climate change expected to increase wildfire danger WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) researchers expect an elevated wildfire danger in the Alpine Foreland from 2040 onwards due to changing meteorological conditions. The danger currently remains very low in that region, but there is likely to be a shift in this regard as a result of climate change.
	Airborne interferometric radar altimeter shows potential for submesoscale sea surface height anomaly measurements A research team led by Prof. Xu Yongsheng from the Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has obtained the two-dimensional sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) of about 100 km along the track and the first broadband SSHA wavenumber spectrum using Airborne Interferometric Radar Altimeter (AIRA) observations.
	Accelerated marine carbon cycling forced by tectonic degassing over the Miocene Climate Optimum In a recent publication in Science Bulletin, a multidisciplinary team of authors from Tongji University, the Second Institute of Oceanography (Ministry of Natural Resources), the Institute of Earth Environment (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Utrecht University reports for the first time that massive carbon inputs from volcanism and seafloor spreading have impacted the orbital phase relationships between carbon cycle and climate change.
	Talks on global plastic treaty begin in Canada Negotiators from 175 nations began talks Tuesday to agree a global treaty to reduce plastic pollution, which is found everywhere from mountain tops to ocean depths, and within human blood and breast milk.
	Warming climate is putting more metals into Colorado's mountain streams Warming temperatures are causing a steady rise in copper, zinc, and sulfate in the waters of Colorado mountain streams affected by acid rock drainage. Concentrations of these metals have roughly doubled in these alpine streams over the past 30 years, a new study finds, presenting a concern for ecosystems, downstream water quality, and mining remediation.
	Researchers develop forest extent map for Mexico To properly protect forests and evaluate the state of natural resources, conservation practices and environmental policies, it is important to have accurate information on an area's forest extent.
	'Sunny day flooding' increases fecal contamination of coastal waters A new study finds that "sunny day flooding," which occurs during high tides, increases the levels of fecal bacteria in coastal waters. While the elevated bacteria levels in the coastal waters tend to dissipate quickly, the findings suggest policymakers and public health officials should be aware of potential risks associated with tidal flooding.
	China issues highest-level rainstorm warning after deadly floods More than 100,000 people have been evacuated due to heavy rain and fatal floods in southern China, with the government issuing its highest-level rainstorm warning for the affected area on Tuesday.
	Taiwan hit by dozens of strong aftershocks from deadly quake Taiwan was shaken by dozens of earthquakes overnight and into Tuesday that left buildings swaying and some tilting, with the government saying they were aftershocks from a huge deadly quake that hit the island more than two weeks ago.
	State's new law involving Puget Sound Energy aspires to set a course for the future Over the past couple of years, Washington lawmakers have wrestled with a daunting task.
	High air pollution in Denmark may impact children's academic performance Pollution from traffic, farming and wood stoves may have a negative effect on children's cognitive development, according to a new study published in Environment International on Danish students' performance in the lower secondary school leaving examination.

Astronomy and Space news

	Observations explore globular cluster system in the galaxy NGC 4262 Using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), Indian astronomers have performed wide and deep field observations of a polar ring galaxy known as NGC 4262. Results of the observational campaign, published April 15 on the pre-print server arXiv, shed more light on the globular cluster system of this galaxy.
	Researchers detect a new molecule in space New research from the group of MIT Professor Brett McGuire has revealed the presence of a previously unknown molecule in space. The team's open-access paper, "Rotational Spectrum and First Interstellar Detection of 2-Methoxyethanol Using ALMA Observations of NGC 6334I," was published in the April 12 issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
	New evidence found for Planet 9 A small team of planetary scientists from the California Institute of Technology, Université Côte d'Azur and Southwest Research Institute reports possible new evidence of Planet 9. They have published their paper on the arXiv preprint server, and it has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
	New JWST observations reveal black holes rapidly shut off star formation in massive galaxies New research published in Nature showcases new observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) that suggest black holes rapidly shut off star-formation in massive galaxies by explosively removing large amounts of gas.
	A first glimpse at our galaxy's magnetic field in 3D Thanks to new sophisticated techniques and state-of-the-art facilities, astronomy has entered a new era in which the depth of the sky can finally be accessed. The ingredients of our cosmic home, the Milky Way galaxy—stars, gas, magnetic fields—can at long last be mapped in 3D.
	Astrophysicists work toward unification of turbulence framework—weak-to-strong transition discovered in turbulence Turbulence is ubiquitous in nature. It exists everywhere, from our daily lives to the distant universe, while being labeled as "the last great unsolved problem of classical physics" by Richard Feynman. Prof. Dr. Huirong Yan and her group from the Institute of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Potsdam and DESY have now discovered a long-predicted phenomenon: the weak-to-strong transition in small amplitude space plasma turbulence.
	NASA to overhaul mission returning samples from Mars—here's why it must and will go ahead NASA recently announced that it is seeking new ways to complete the return to Earth of rock cores drilled by the Perseverance Rover in the Jezero Crater on Mars. This has led to some anxiety among space scientists, who view the Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission as a cornerstone of plans to explore the solar system.
	MeerKAT: The South African radio telescope that's transformed our understanding of the cosmos South Africa's Karoo region is a vast semi-arid area that stretches across four of the country's provinces. It is sparsely populated and renowned for its wide open spaces.
	SpaceX launch this evening would mark 300th booster landing if successful SpaceX is set to send up the 30th launch on the Space Coast this year targeting an evening liftoff Tuesday that would see the 300th booster recovery if successful.
	Will we know if TRAPPIST-1e has life? The search for extrasolar planets is currently undergoing a seismic shift. With the deployment of the Kepler Space Telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), scientists discovered thousands of exoplanets, most of which were detected and confirmed using indirect methods.
	Hubble celebrates 34th anniversary with a look at the little dumbbell nebula In celebration of the 34th anniversary of the launch of NASA's legendary Hubble Space Telescope on April 24, astronomers took a snapshot of the Little Dumbbell Nebula (also known as Messier 76, M76, or NGC 650/651) located 3,400 light-years away in the northern circumpolar constellation Perseus. The photogenic nebula is a favorite target of amateur astronomers.

Technology news

	A new framework to generate human motions from language prompts Machine learning-based models that can autonomously generate various types of content have become increasingly advanced over the past few years. These frameworks have opened new possibilities for filmmaking and for compiling datasets to train robotics algorithms.
	How potatoes, corn and beans led to breakthrough in smart windows technology Smart windows are an exciting technology, capable of blocking out or letting in more light as needed, potentially reducing energy costs of large buildings by making them more efficient. This technology has already hit the market, but widespread adoption remains limited by cost and other factors.
	Researchers develop high-energy-density aqueous battery based on halogen multi-electron transfer Traditional non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density, but their safety is compromised due to the flammable organic electrolytes they utilize.
	Holographic displays offer a glimpse into an immersive future Setting the stage for a new era of immersive displays, researchers are one step closer to mixing the real and virtual worlds in an ordinary pair of eyeglasses using high-definition 3D holographic images, according to a study led by Princeton University researchers.
	Aerogel-based phase change materials improve thermal management, reduce microwave emissions in electronic devices Electronic devices are getting more and more complex as they are built to carry out an ever-increasing number of functions. This can be seen in the increased functionality in our personal devices such as our phones, tablets and watches, let alone in industrial devices. However, their growing complexity can lead to performance and safety issues. These issues include device overheating or emitting microwaves that can result in health issues and that can reduce a device's performance and interfere with other devices.
	Personalization has the potential to democratize who decides how LLMs behave A new paper from researchers at Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, highlights the benefits and risks of personalizing Large Language Models (LLMS) to their users.
	Researchers develop tiny chip that can safeguard user data while enabling efficient computing on a smartphone Health-monitoring apps can help people manage chronic diseases or stay on track with fitness goals, using nothing more than a smartphone. However, these apps can be slow and energy-inefficient because the vast machine-learning models that power them must be shuttled between a smartphone and a central memory server.
	The world's largest 3D printer is at a university in Maine. It just unveiled an even bigger one The world's largest 3D printer has created a house that can cut construction time and labor. An even larger printer unveiled on Tuesday may one day create entire neighborhoods.
	Super Mario hackers' tricks could protect software from bugs, study finds Video gamers who exploit glitches in games can help experts better understand buggy software, students at the University of Bristol suggest.
	Tesla earnings a 'moment of truth' for Musk after stumbles Tesla CEO Elon Musk faces heightened pressure with Tuesday's earnings report to reassure investors that recent stumbles are simply unexpected speed bumps—and not indications of a road to decline.
	Spotify swings to profit, paying subscribers rise Music and podcast streaming giant Spotify reported Tuesday an increase in the number of paying subscribers and a rare but lower-than-expected operating profit for the first quarter.
	You don't need to own an iPhone for the government lawsuit against Apple to benefit you Last month, the Department of Justice filed its long-awaited antitrust suit against Apple, accusing the company of monopolizing the smartphone market. This makes Apple the last of the U.S.-based tech giants to face a major monopolization lawsuit from a federal agency. (Google also faces one from the Justice Department; Facebook and Amazon have been sued by the Federal Trade Commission.)
	Extracting high-purity gold from electrical and electronic waste Korea relies on imports for most of its metal resources, and in recent years, due to resource depletion and rising raw material prices, 'circular resources' that recycle waste metal resources have emerged. In response, SK hynix has established a mid- to long-term plan to increase the percentage of copper, gold, etc. recovered and reused from waste generated in the semiconductor manufacturing process to more than 30% by 2030, and Samsung Electronics is running a collection program for used mobile phones in cooperation with E-circulation Governance, a non-profit corporation.
	More support needed to help households transition to green energy, UK research concludes Citizens will need greater financial support and advice as they make the switch to decarbonized heat sources, research from Cardiff University shows.
	The use of AI in war games could change military strategy The rise of commercially viable generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform a vast range of sectors. This transformation will be particularly profound in contemporary military education.
	Energy-smart bricks keep waste out of landfill Engineers have invented energy-efficient bricks with scrap materials, including glass, that are normally destined for landfill.
	Researchers propose a new method for wind turbine blade recycling While wind energy is becoming one of the fastest-growing energy sources in the world, wind turbine blade waste emerges as a critical issue. Addressing this urgent environmental concern, Lithuanian researchers have developed an innovative solution, claiming that the benefits of pyrolysis can help reduce pollution.
	Google fires more workers who protested its deal with Israel Google fired at least 20 more workers in the aftermath of protests over technology the company is supplying the Israeli government amid the Gaza war, bringing the total number of terminated staff to more than 50, a group representing the workers said.
	Researchers achieve sustainable recovery of minerals from e-waste There's some irony in the fact that devices that seem indispensable to modern life—mobile phones, personal computers, and anything battery-powered—depend entirely on minerals extracted from mining, one of the most ancient of human industries. Once their usefulness is spent, we typically return these objects to the earth in landfills, by the millions.
	New mitigation framework reduces bias in classification outcomes We use computers to help us make (hopefully) unbiased decisions. The problem is that machine-learning algorithms do not always make fair classifications if human bias is embedded in the data used to train them—which is often the case in practice.
	Coordinate-wise monotonic transformations enable privacy-preserving age estimation with 3D face point cloud In a recent publication in Science China Life Sciences, a research team led by Professor Jing-Dong Jackie Han and Ph.D. student Xinyu Yang from Peking University established a deep learning model for age estimation using non-registered 3D face point clouds. They also proposed the coordinate-wise monotonic transformation algorithm to isolate age-related facial features from identifiable human faces.
	New model elevates UAV efficiency in next-gen wireless networks Researchers from the University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Computing and Engineering, and independent researchers have developed a model, dubbed GREENSKY, that significantly enhances the energy efficiency and operational time of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in cellular networks.
	Opinion: The move by Apple Memories to block potentially upsetting content illustrates Big Tech's reach How do algorithms determine the way we interact with our memories?
	With a game show as his guide, researcher uses AI to predict deception Using data from a 2002 game show, a Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has taught a computer how to tell if you are lying.
	Insider Q&A: Trust and safety exec talks about AI and content moderation Alex Popken was a longtime trust and safety executive at Twitter focusing on content moderation before leaving in 2023. She was the first employee there dedicated to moderating Twitter's advertising business when she started in 2013.
	Musk lashes Australian order demanding X remove stabbing videos Tech bad boy Elon Musk on Tuesday vowed to challenge demands that his social media platform X take down videos of a recent Sydney church stabbing.
	Honda to build major EV plant in Canada: govt source Japanese auto giant Honda will open an electric vehicle plant in eastern Canada, a Canadian government source familiar with the multibillion-dollar project told AFP on Monday.
	EU threatens to suspend TikTok Lite app's 'addictive' rewards The EU on Monday launched a probe into TikTok's spinoff Lite app and threatened to suspend an "addictive" feature on it that rewards users for watching and liking videos, amid child-safety concerns.
	Wall Street is looking to Tesla's earnings for clues to Musk's plan to restore company's wild growth Faced with falling global sales and a diving stock price, Tesla has slashed prices again on some of its electric vehicles and its "Full Self Driving" system in an apparent effort to boost the company's earnings growth.
	Scientists revisit multi-dimensional classification from a dimension-wise perspective While the class imbalance issue has been extensively investigated within the multi-class paradigm, its study in the multi-dimensional classification (MDC) context has been limited due to the imbalance shift phenomenon. A sample's classification as a minor or major class instance becomes ambiguous when it belongs to a minor class in one labeling dimension (LD) and a major class in another.
	Cyberattacks are on the rise, and that includes small businesses. Here's what to know Cyberattacks on businesses are rising, including small businesses. It's a troubling trend because a breach can be very costly and time consuming if owners don't have a plan to deal with one.
	UnitedHealth says wide swath of patient files may have been taken in Change cyberattack UnitedHealth says files with personal information that could cover a "substantial portion of people in America" may have been taken in the cyberattack earlier this year on its Change Healthcare business.
	General Motors lifts 2024 profit forecast after strong Q1 General Motors reported higher profits Tuesday thanks to continued strength in North America that offset a loss in its China business, enabling the carmaker to lift its forecast.
	The exploration and practice of low-altitude airspace flight service and traffic management in China As China propels itself into a new era of aviation with its significant advancements in unmanned aerial systems (UAS), the nation is on the brink of a transformative shift in low-altitude airspace management. These changes are driven by an urgent need to integrate a burgeoning number of unmanned aircraft into the national airspace, posing unique challenges and opportunities for regulation, technology, and industry practices.

Chemistry news

	New toolkit makes molecular dynamics simulations more accessible Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become a powerful tool in the ever-growing fields of molecular biology and drug development. While many MD simulation techniques exist, parallel cascade selection MD (PaCS-MD) is a particularly useful one when studying the folding (or "conformation") of proteins or the interactions between proteins and ligands.
	Plastic food packaging can contain harmful chemicals that affect hormones and metabolism, researchers find Plastic is a very complex material that can contain many different chemicals, some of which can be harmful. This is also true for plastic food packaging.
	Synthesizing highly efficient carbohelicenes for circularly polarized luminescence emitters Helicenes are organic molecules that gained widespread popularity due to their unique helical π-conjugated molecular structure, where the benzene rings are ortho-fused, resulting in excellent chiroptical properties such as circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). The ability to act as a CPL emitter makes helicenes ideal for a wide range of next-generation optoelectronic applications, such as optical information communication systems and 3D display systems.
	Researchers create artificial cells that act like living cells In a new study published in Nature Chemistry, UNC-Chapel Hill researcher Ronit Freeman and her colleagues describe the steps they took to manipulate DNA and proteins—essential building blocks of life—to create cells that look and act like cells from the body. This accomplishment, a first in the field, has implications for efforts in regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools.
	Previous theory on how electrons move within protein nanocrystals might not apply in every case Researchers believe that understanding how electrons move within small, natural systems could power a more sustainable future for our energy grid.
	Researchers develop eggshell 'bioplastic' pellet as sustainable alternative to plastic What if there was plastic-like material that could absorb excess nutrients from water and be used as a fertilizer when it decomposes? That product—a "bioplastic" material—has been created by University of Saskatchewan (USask) chemistry professor Dr. Lee Wilson and his research team, as detailed in a paper recently published in RSC Sustainability. The research team includes Ph.D. candidate Bernd G. K. Steiger, BSc student Nam Bui and postdoctoral fellow trainee Bolanle M. Babalola.
	Light-activated materials perform well in treatment of textile effluent Photoelectrochemical processes have been considered sustainable alternatives for the remediation of water contaminated by domestic or industrial effluents. Simply put, the strategy consists of using solar energy to degrade organic pollutants.
	A non-equivalent co-doped strategy to improve the electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics In the field of aerospace, a high-temperature piezoelectric vibration sensor is one of the few key devices that can be monitored in a high-temperature and harsh environment, so it is particularly urgent to develop high performance high-temperature piezoelectric ceramics as the core component of this kind of sensor. Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT), as one vital type of bismuth layered structure ferroelectrics (BLSFs), has great application prospects in high-temperature environments due to its excellent TC of 675 ℃.
	Unconventional technology enhances composites important to automotive, aerospace and renewable energy industries Scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a method that demonstrates how fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials used in the automotive, aerospace and renewable energy industries can be made stronger and tougher to better withstand mechanical or structural stresses over time.

Biology news

	Supercomputer simulation reveals new mechanism for membrane fusion An intricate simulation performed by UT Southwestern Medical Center researchers using one of the world's most powerful supercomputers sheds new light on how proteins called SNAREs cause biological membranes to fuse.
	New algorithm solves century-old problem for coral reef scientists An algorithm developed by a Florida Tech graduate student creates a new ecological survey method that allows scientists to unlock important historical data from a vast trove of coral-reef photographs dating back more than a century.
	Scientists reveal new path to increasing lactation for nursing mothers Scientists at UC Santa Cruz have discovered a cellular process in the breast that can increase milk production by pregnant women, revealing a potential path to addressing lactation insufficiency syndrome—the inability of a nursing mother to produce sufficient milk to meet their infant's nutritional needs.
	Fossil frogs share their skincare secrets: Analysis of 45-million-year-old soft tissues Paleontologists at University College Cork (UCC), Ireland, have solved a hundred-year-old mystery of how some fossil frogs preserve their fleshy parts—it's all down to their skin.
	Researchers uncover natural variation in wild emmer wheat for broad-spectrum disease resistance Bread wheat is one of the most important staple crops for millions of people and is apparently the largest cultivated and traded cereal worldwide. Bread wheat is a hexaploid species with three subgenomes (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) that has undergone two separate allopolyploidization and domestication events.
	Researchers report on mechanisms of gene regulatory divergence between species Closely related animal species can look physically different, but you might be surprised to learn that those differences can result not only from DNA sequence changes that alter proteins' structure or function, but also because changes in the DNA affect how those proteins are expressed. To add to that, not all differences between species can be explained by DNA sequence changes alone.
	Bacteria for climate-neutral chemicals of the future Researchers at ETH Zurich have engineered bacteria in the laboratory to efficiently use methanol. The metabolism of these bacteria can now be tapped into to produce valuable products currently made by the chemical industry from fossil fuels.
	A universal framework for spatial biology Biological processes are framed by the context they take place in. A new tool developed by the Stegle Group from EMBL Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) helps put molecular biology research findings in a better context of cellular surroundings, by integrating different forms of spatial data.
	A new method for enzymatic synthesis of potential RNA therapeutics A team of researchers at IOCB Prague led by Prof. Michal Hocek has developed a novel method for preparing ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing modified bases. Innovative use of engineered DNA polymerases, enzymes commonly used for the synthesis of DNA, led to the development of a general method for the synthesis of RNA modified only at selected sites or even RNA containing various modifications at all nucleotide building blocks.
	New small molecule helps scientists study regeneration Regenerating damaged tissues or organs has been a dream of scientists for decades. Now, researchers at the FMI and Novartis Biomedical Research have discovered a new molecule that activates a protein involved in regeneration. The tool holds promise for advancing our understanding of how organisms repair damaged tissue.
	Advances in understanding the evolution of stomach loss in agastric fishes Living beings can evolve to lose biological structures due to potential survival benefits from such losses. For example, certain groups of ray-finned fishes show such regressive evolution—medakas, minnows, puffera, and wrasses do not have a stomach in the gastrointestinal tract, making them agastric or stomachless fishes. However, the specific evolutionary mechanisms underlying the evolution of agastric fishes remain unclear.
	Study sheds new light on cross-species virus spillovers that can cause pandemics A study led by the University of Stirling jointly with the University of Wisconsin-Madison has shed new light on cross-species virus spillovers that can cause pandemics.
	Gone in a puff of smoke: 52,000 square kilometers of 'long unburnt' Australian habitat has vanished in 40 years Landscapes that have escaped fire for decades or centuries tend to harbor vital structures for wildlife, such as tree hollows and large logs. But these "long unburnt" habitats can be eliminated by a single blaze.
	World's chocolate supply threatened by devastating virus A rapidly spreading virus threatens the health of the cacao tree and the dried seeds from which chocolate is made, jeopardizing the global supply of the world's most popular treat.
	Fruit fly pest meets its evolutionary match in parasitic wasp A parasitic wasp that preys on the young of a prolific fruit fly pest demonstrates both molecular evolution and behavioral adaptations in the face of ecological pressures, according to new research.
	In Brazil, hopes to use AI to save wildlife from roadkill fate In Brazil, where about 16 wild animals become roadkill every second, a computer scientist has come up with a futuristic solution to this everyday problem: using AI to alert drivers to their presence.
	Flat faces and difficulty breathing: How pet trends have harmed animal health—and what we can we do about it Dogs come in all shapes and sizes. We've molded some of them to have large protruding eyes, sloping backs and shortened legs through selective breeding.
	Study finds climate change is helping tropical fish invade Australian ocean water A University of Adelaide study of shallow-water fish communities on rocky reefs in south-eastern Australia has found climate change is helping tropical fish species invade temperate Australian waters. The work is published in the Journal of Animal Ecology.
	Grüner Veltliner white wine could be the toast of Pennsylvania, study suggests States that are associated with signature varietals of wine can realize an economic benefit—some examples are regions in California linked with zinfandel, cabernet sauvignon and chardonnay, Oregon with pinot noir and the Finger Lakes region of New York with riesling. Now, a new study by Penn State researchers suggests that there is potential for Pennsylvania to join that list.
	Using bacteriophage-derived lysin to target odor-causing bacteria in armpits Body odor from the armpits comes from bacteria metabolizing sweat produced by the apocrine glands. These bacteria are native to our skin, but the odors produced differ among people. Generally, people use deodorants on their armpits, but perhaps there is a way to get rid of the bacteria.
	Unveiling the molecular functions of lipid droplet proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves Lipids are biomolecules essential for the proper functioning of the living cell. They are found in the cell membranes and are also integral components of cell signaling pathways. Plant cells possess subcellular structures or organelles called lipid droplets (LDs) in the leaves and seeds, which store excess lipids (fats).
	Exploring a molecular mechanism that facilitates thermophilic fungal adaptation to temperature change Thermophilic fungi are chief components of mycoflora in a variety of natural and manmade composting systems, including rotting hay, stored grains, wood mulch, nesting material of birds and animals, municipal refuse, and self-heating accumulated organic matter. Thermophilic fungi are also a potential source of natural products, which complement the metabolite libraries of mesophilic fungi and bacteria.
	Livestock abortion surveillance could protect livelihoods and detect emerging global pathogens A small-scale surveillance system in Tanzania for reporting livestock abortions could help protect livelihoods and provide insights on potential livestock-to-human infections.
	Early analysis finds eclipse had noticeable effect on birds Early results from a study of the April 8 total solar eclipse show a more noticeable effect on bird behavior than during the last eclipse.
	Emotion can cause chickens to get red in the face Studying emotion in animals is a complex research field, little explored up to now in birds, although reddening of the skin had already been observed in previous work on the blue-and-yellow macaw. An INRAE research team focused on domestic fowl, in particular the popular Sussex laying hen, to determine if a similar phenomenon existed in chickens.
	Study compares Salmonella rates in backyard, commercial poultry farm samples In a comparison of differently sized poultry farms, researchers at North Carolina State University found that rates of Salmonella in fecal and environmental samples were more prevalent on larger commercial farms than on smaller backyard farms.
	In Vietnam, farmers reduce methane emissions by changing how they grow rice There is one thing that distinguishes 60-year-old Vo Van Van's rice fields from a mosaic of thousands of other emerald fields across Long An province in southern Vietnam's Mekong Delta: It isn't entirely flooded.
	US advances review of Nevada lithium mine amid concerns over endangered wildflower The Biden administration has taken a significant step in its expedited environmental review of what could become the third lithium mine in the U.S., amid anticipated legal challenges from conservationists over the threat they say it poses to an endangered Nevada wildflower.
	Norway women bring seaweed to culinary heights in Europe In the glacial waters of the Lofoten archipelago in Norway's far north, Angelita Eriksen uses a knife to cut a handful of seaweed that will soon end up in a fancy European eatery.
	Urgent need for logging loophole remedy within proposed Great Koala National Park A team of conservation and policy researchers have called for a logging loophole within the proposed Great Koala National Park to be urgently remedied to stem the tide of harmful outcomes impacting the South East Australian koala population.
	Investigating the efficacy of methods to stimulate adventitious rooting of Lindera benzoin stem cuttings The variability among woody plants in their responses to asexual propagation techniques poses challenges and severe limits for commercial production. While some species readily root from stem cuttings, others are more difficult to propagate despite their desirable traits

Medicine and Health news

	Study suggests that living near green spaces reduces the risk of depression and anxiety Over the past decades, a growing number of people have migrated to urban areas, while the size and population of rural areas have drastically declined. While parks and other green spaces are often viewed as beneficial for the well-being of those living in cities and urban regions, so far very few studies have explored the impact of these spaces on mental health.
	Bursts of beta rhythms implement cognitive control: Studying these bursts may improve understanding of cognition Bursts of brain rhythms with "beta" frequencies control where and when neurons in the cortex process sensory information and plan responses. Studying these bursts would improve understanding of cognition and clinical disorders, researchers argue in a new review.
	Brain neurons re-entering the cell cycle age quickly and shift to senescence, particularly in neurodegenerative disease Post-mitotic neurons in the brain that re-enter the cell cycle quickly succumb to senescence, and this re-entry is more common in Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study published April 9 in the open-access journal PLOS Biology by Kim Hai-Man Chow and colleagues at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
	Image viewing experiments challenge theory of universal internal clock A trio of psychologists at George Mason University in the U.S. has found evidence that contradicts the theory of the universal internal clock. In their study, published in the journal Nature Human Behavior, Alex Ma, Ayana Cameron and Martin Wiener conducted experiments in which volunteers looked at different types of images and estimated how much time passed while they were looking at them.
	Neuroscientists report a distinct role of touch receptors in treating chronic pain People often experience the phenomenon of injuring a hand and feeling relief from vigorously shaking it. The mechanism behind this effect is fairly well explained by the "gate control theory" of Melzack and Wall, but it is somewhat more complicated.
	Researchers discover life-long effects of neuropeptides in the brain Neuropeptides, which are broadly considered to modulate synaptic communication, can have unique and life-long effects on brain development, particularly the wiring of neuronal circuits.
	Researchers identify a cause of immunodeficiency after stroke and heart attack Every year, between 250,000 and 300,000 people in Germany suffer from a stroke or heart attack. These patients suffer immune disturbances and are very frequently susceptible to life-threatening bacterial infections. Until now, little was known about the underlying mechanisms of this immune dysfunction.
	Consumption of contaminated venison suspected in cases of deer hunters with prion disease A small team of medical workers and researchers in the U.S. has published a case study of two men, both deer hunters, who developed a rare prion disease. In their study, published in the journal Neurology, the group describes the symptoms of the two patients and how they died.
	Follow-up finds landmark steroid study remains safe 50 years on A study has found there are no adverse long-term cardiovascular health consequences for the now-adult children of mothers who were given corticosteroids because they were at risk of early birth in a landmark trial conducted in Auckland, New Zealand, 50 years ago.
	A sustainable diagnosis tool for multiple cancers An accurate, affordable, environmentally and user-friendly diagnostic tool for multiple cancers—including pancreatic, gastric, and colorectal cancers—is reported in a paper in Nature Sustainability. The tool can diagnose cancers within minutes and could help to address the need for accessible diagnostic tools, especially in remote areas.
	Unraveling the neural circuit behind reduced food intake in high temperatures In a study recently published in Nature, an international research team led by Karolinska Institutet and MedUni Vienna, addressed how and why acute heat exposure, in conditions reminiscent of a sauna session or limited exposure to the sun, leads to reduced food intake.
	New insights into the molecular mechanisms behind the action of secretagogin An international research team, led by Tibor Harkany and Robert Schnell at Karolinska Institutet and MedUni Vienna's Center for Brain Research, set out to find ways of influencing hormone release to reduce stress reactions in post-traumatic stress disorder.
	Proposed changes to Medicare, Medicaid could cost thousands of lives, study finds Proposed changes to the United States' Medicare and Medicaid programs could lead to thousands of additional deaths each year, a new Yale study reveals. The study was published April 22 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
	Charting brain synchronization patterns during social interactions We experience the world and connect with others through social interactions. Engaging in activities, such as conversations, cooperative tasks, and intimate relationships, deeply affect brain activity leading to coordinated neural activity within an individual's brain (intra-brain synchronization) and between the brains of multiple individuals (inter-brain synchronization).
	Magic mushrooms can treat medication-resistant depression—but are they safe? New research suggests psilocybin has similar side effects to traditional antidepressants. Commonly referred to as "magic mushrooms," psilocybin is a promising alternative treatment for people with medication-resistant depression and anxiety.
	Liver cancer: Molecular signaling pathway of tumor development decoded As a malignant disease of the liver cells, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths. While the treatment options for this aggressive type of cancer remain limited, the incidence is increasing.
	Innovative microscopy demystifies metabolism of Alzheimer's Alzheimer's disease causes significant problems with memory, thinking and behavior and is the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 50 million people around the world each year. This number is expected to triple by the year 2050.
	Study reveals insights into DDX41 protein's role in blood cancer pathogenesis A study led by Professors Hongtae Kim and JaYil Lee from the Department of Biological Sciences, in collaboration with researchers from the Catholic University of Korea, sheds light on the pivotal role of mutated DDX41 protein in the pathogenesis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), a form of blood cancer.
	Higher light levels may improve cognitive performance Exposure to higher levels of light can help people feel more awake and increase cognitive performance, probably by influencing the activity of parts of a brain region called the hypothalamus, according to new research.
	Gut microbiota acts like an auxiliary liver, study finds Microbes in the mammalian gut can significantly change their hosts' amino acid and glucose metabolism, acting almost like an extra liver, according to a new preclinical study by Weill Cornell Medicine investigators.
	The consumption of certain food additive emulsifiers could be associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes In Europe and North America, 30 to 60% of dietary energy intake in adults comes from ultra-processed foods. An increasing number of epidemiological studies suggest a link between higher consumption levels of ultra-processed foods with higher risks of diabetes and other metabolic disorders.
	Chemical tool illuminates pathways used by dopamine, opioids and other neuronal signals University of Michigan researchers have developed a new tool to better understand how chemicals like dopamine and epinephrine interact with neurons.
	Women's heart disease is underdiagnosed, but new machine learning models can help solve this problem When it comes to matters of the heart, cardiovascular disease in women is underdiagnosed compared to men. A popular scoring system used to estimate how likely a person is to develop a cardiovascular disease within the next 10 years is the Framingham Risk Score. It is based on factors including age, sex, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure.
	Excessive pregnancy weight gain and substantial postpartum weight retention common in military health care beneficiaries Compared to their civilian counterparts, excessive pregnancy weight gain is more frequent among military health care beneficiaries, in particular active duty personnel, and is associated with costly maternal/neonatal complications. Women in this sample with excessive pregnancy weight gain were also three times more likely to have substantial postpartum weight retention, according to a new study published in the journal Obesity.
	Study compares tuberculosis infection and disease progression rates in a prospective manner Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB), is distinct from most germs in its capacity to silently infect individuals for months and even years before waking up and causing active disease that can lead to severe illness and death. The immune system plays an important role in controlling the germ and keeping it dormant.
	Rise seen in use of antibiotics for conditions they can't treat, including COVID-19 America is going the wrong way when it comes to prescribing antibiotics, with 1 in 4 prescriptions going to patients who have conditions that the drugs won't touch, a new study finds.
	West Virginia confirms first measles case since 2009 A West Virginia hospital has confirmed the first known case of measles in the state since 2009, health officials said Monday.
	Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech set for UK court clash over COVID jab patents A row between pharmaceutical firms Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech comes to court in London on Tuesday over patents for COVID vaccine technology that helped save millions of lives during the pandemic.
	Radiologists propose actions to combat climate change A diverse writing group—lead by authors at the University of Toronto—have developed an approach for radiology departments and practices to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become more resilient to the effects of climate change. They outlined their action plan in a Radiology in Focus article, published in Radiology.
	Magnetic microcoils unlock targeted single-neuron therapies for neurodegenerative disorders Neural stimulation is a medical technique used to treat many illnesses affecting the nervous system. It involves applying energy to neurons to encourage them to grow and make connections with their neighbors. Treatments for epilepsy can often include neural stimulation, and similar treatments exist for Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, and some psychiatric illnesses.
	Medicare's push to improve chronic care attracts businesses, but not many doctors At least two-thirds of Medicare enrollees have two or more chronic health conditions, federal data shows. That makes them eligible for a federal program that, since 2015, has rewarded doctors for doing more to manage their health outside office visits.
	Stick to Heimlich maneuver not 'anti-choking' devices, FDA says People should rely on the well-established Heimlich maneuver to save a choking victim, rather than newfangled "anti-choking" devices, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration says.
	Physical ills often plague people with schizophrenia, bipolar Severe mental illness can contribute to a decline in a person's physical health, with many chronic conditions slowly eroding their wellness, a new review finds.
	Biden administration sets nursing home staffing minimums The first-ever minimum staffing rule has been set for nursing homes, the Biden administration announced Monday.
	How B cells recognize new variants of SARS-CoV-2 B cells are part of the immune system's memory. Their memories of previous infections or vaccinations provide the template for antibodies that have a protective effect the next time they come into contact with a pathogen.
	Cannabis legalization has led to a boom in potent forms of the drug that present new hazards for adolescents Eventually, most adults reach a point where we realize we are out of touch with those much younger than us.
	Chemical pollutants can change your skin bacteria and increase your eczema risk—new research explores how "We haven't had a full night's sleep since our son was born eight years ago," said Mrs. B, pointing to her son's dry, red and itchy skin.
	How corporate involvement in psychedelic research could threaten public safety In the mid-20th century, psychedelics were deemed illegal substances with little medical purpose, a high potential for abuse and a lack of safety. However, emerging evidence suggests the opposite; a potential role for these "mind-altering" substances in the treatment of conditions like depression, PTSD and substance use disorders.
	Would you be happy as a long-term single? The answer may depend on your attachment style Are all single people insecure? When we think about people who have been single for a long time, we may assume it's because single people have insecurities that make it difficult for them to find a partner or maintain a relationship.
	What if flat feet were normal? Debunking a myth about injuries For many decades, if not centuries, researchers, medical professionals and the general population have believed that people with flat feet are more prone to developing a variety of problems.
	Elon Musk says 'disk replacement' worked for him. But evidence this surgery helps chronic pain is lacking Last week in a post on X, owner of the platform Elon Musk recommended people look into disk replacement if they're experiencing severe neck or back pain.
	We're only using a fraction of health workers' skills—this needs to change Roles of health professionals are still unfortunately often stuck in the past. That is, before the shift of education of nurses and other health professionals into universities in the 1980s. So many are still not working to their full scope of practice.
	Migraine sufferers in England may soon be able to access a preventative drug: Atogepant A drug that can help prevent migraines could soon be available on the NHS. Atogepant (brand name: Aquipta) was recently recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to prevent episodic and chronic migraine attacks. The drug would be recommended to people who have at least four migraine days a month or where at least three previous preventative treatments have failed.
	UK smoking ban would have many benefits for public health—but only if it's effectively implemented MPs have recently voted to ban anyone in England born after 2009 from buying cigarettes, as part of the government's plan to achieve a smoke-free generation.
	What you eat could alter your unborn children and grandchildren's genes and health outcomes Within the last century, researchers' understanding of genetics has undergone a profound transformation.
	Two new malaria vaccines are being rolled out across Africa: How they work and what they promise Malaria incidents are on the rise. There were 249 million cases of this parasitic disease in 2022, 5 million more than in 2021. Africa suffers more than any other region from malaria, with 94% of cases and 95% of deaths worldwide.
	Recent findings show cancer takes tough toll on family finances About six out of 10 working-age adults hit with a cancer diagnosis say it put real pressure on their financial survival, a new report finds.
	Clinician burnout reduces efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapy Therapist burnout is associated with reduced effectiveness of trauma-focused psychotherapies, according to a study published online April 17 in JAMA Network Open.
	Atopic dermatitis found to negatively impact mental health Atopic dermatitis (AD) negatively impacts patients' mental health (MH), especially when a patient has severe AD, according to a study published online March 14 in Dermatitis.
	Most acute care hospitals do not admit representative proportion of Black Medicare patients in their local market: Study A study analyzing a large sample of Medicare admissions at nearly 2,000 acute care hospitals nationwide during 2019 found that most hospitals—nearly four out of five—admitted a significantly different proportion of Black fee-for-service Medicare patients age 65 and older compared to the proportion of the same group of patients admitted to any hospital in that hospital's market area.
	International doctors struggle with cultural adaptation, according to New Zealand study New Zealand's health system must improve cultural integration practices for international doctors or risk losing them, argues a University of Otago study published in BMC Medical Education.
	Modified sports can keep older adults playing Modified sports with shorter game times and more focus on fun than winning could prove key to encouraging older Australians to play sport and keep fit.
	Arthroscopic surgery for arthritis does not impact incidence of total knee arthroplasty, study finds The addition of arthroscopic surgery to nonoperative management of knee arthritis does not delay or hasten total knee arthroplasty (TKA) during 10 years of follow-up, according to a study published online April 18 in JAMA Network Open.
	Arthritis linked to blood cancer mutations A team of Adelaide and U.S. researchers has discovered a link between a less common form of rheumatoid arthritis and gene mutations found in blood cancer.
	Study reveals alarming rates of pediatric injuries from mechanical bull riding A study conducted by researchers at Loma Linda University Children's Health has shed light on the alarming rates of pediatric injuries resulting from mechanical bull riding. The study, titled "Mechanical Bull Injuries in Pediatric Patients: A Call for Safety Regulations," highlights the urgent need for enhanced safety measures and regulations.
	Researchers call for enhanced research into common post-stroke condition Lateropulsion, a clinical condition that results in the body leaning to one side, affects about half of all stroke survivors.
	Nearly half of mothers report birth trauma and barriers to mental health aid, especially for diverse populations With 23 Grand Slam singles titles to her name, Serena Williams is among the greatest tennis players of all-time. It made her wealthy, too, amassing an estimated net worth of $300 million.
	FDA approves immunotherapy drug combo for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the immunotherapy-boosting drug N-803, which is marketed under the brand name Anktiva, to be used in combination with the immunotherapy Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for the treatment of patients with BCG-unresponsive non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
	Get better sleep with these 5 tips from experts Spending too many nights trying to fall asleep—or worrying there aren't enough ZZZs in your day? You're not alone.
	Q&A: Research shows neural connection between learning a second language and learning to code As computer programming becomes an increasingly valued skill in the workforce, there is a greater need to understand how people learn to code most effectively.
	Novel study quantifies immense economic costs of mental illness in the US Mental illness costs the U.S. economy $282 billion annually, which is equivalent to the average economic recession, according to a new study co-authored by Yale economist Aleh Tsyvinski.
	Blood test can detect laughing gas and help the police fight whippit abuse Forensic blood analysis can reveal whether drivers are high on laughing gas. Researchers hope the method can help the police.
	Social media affects people's views on mental illness, study finds Even subtle differences in the wording of social media messages may be enough to sway young people's beliefs about depression and anxiety and their treatment.
	Gentle defibrillation for the heart: A milder method developed by researchers for cardiac arrhythmias Using light pulses as a model for electrical defibrillation, Göttingen scientists developed a method to assess and modulate the heart function. The research team from the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS) and the University Göttingen Medical Center thus paved the way for an efficient and direct treatment for cardiac arrhythmias. This may be an alternative for the strong and painful electrical shocks currently used.
	Using AI to detect dry eye disease Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the more common eye diseases, affecting up to 30% of the world's population. This disease can affect many different types of people and can wind up being a great hindrance to their overall quality of life. Early screening and prognosis is vital to the patient's progression with the disease. However, this can be difficult.
	Perinatal transmission of HIV can lead to cognitive deficits Perinatal transmission of HIV to newborns is associated with serious cognitive deficits as children grow older, according to a detailed analysis of 35 studies conducted by Georgetown University Medical Center neuroscientists. The finding helps pinpoint the geographic regions and factors that may be important for brain development outcomes related to perinatal HIV infection: mother-to-child HIV transmission during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding.
	There's no 'one size fits all' when it comes to addressing men's health issues globally, says study Even with important strides in addressing health issues across the globe, men have not benefited equally compared to women. Men's life expectancies have not grown as steadily as women's over the past few decades, and they are expected to live about five years less than women, according to 2021 global health data from the Human Mortality Database and the United Nations' World Population Prospects. The discrepancy in life expectancy between men and women persists in places all over the world, and is even growing in other places.
	Few cancer survivors fully adherent to ACS nutrition and physical activity guidelines Only 4% of cancer survivors are fully adherent to current American Cancer Society (ACS) nutrition and physical activity guidelines, according to a study published online April 18 in JAMA Oncology.
	Antihypertensive meds initiation linked to fractures in nursing home seniors For longer-term nursing home residents, initiation of antihypertensive medication is associated with an increased risk for fractures and falls, according to a study published online April 22 in JAMA Internal Medicine.
	PET scans uncover smoldering inflammation in MS patients A new study from Brigham and Women's Hospital suggests that positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans could reveal hidden inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who are being treated with highly-effective treatments. The findings were published in Clinical Nuclear Medicine.
	Optimal timing maximizes Paxlovid benefits for treating COVID-19 Researchers have described the optimal timing for COVID-19 patients to take the antiviral, Paxlovid, to get the most benefit from the treatment, according to a study published April 16 in eLife.
	Study points to racial and social barriers that block treatment for multiple myeloma A UC Davis Health study reveals persistent racial and social disparities preventing access to autoHCT, a common bone marrow transplant treatment to halt the progression of multiple myeloma.
	Researchers identify gap in European bronchiectasis treatment New research published in the European Respiratory Journal shows that nearly half of European people with bronchiectasis do not regularly practice airway clearance management.
	Dengue fever infections found to have negative impacts on infant health for three years Dengue infections in pregnant women may have a negative impact on the first years of children's lives, new research has found.
	Stress activates brain regions linked to alcohol use disorder differently for women than men, finds study When exposed to stress, people with alcohol use disorder engage parts of the brain associated with both stress and addiction, which may cause them to drink or crave alcohol after a stressful experience, suggest the authors of a study published in Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research.
	Why do we move slower the older we get? New study delivers answers It's one of the inescapable realities of aging: The older we get, the slower we tend to move—whether we're walking around the block or just reaching for the remote control.
	Smoking cessation before laryngeal cancer treatment improves survival, retention of voice box, study shows In a study of patients who smoked when they were diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, those who quit smoking before starting chemotherapy or radiation responded better to treatment, were less likely to need their voice boxes surgically removed, and lived significantly longer than those who continued to smoke. The research, from the University of Oklahoma, is published in the journal Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
	New heated drug baths provide hope for patients with stomach cancer Mayo Clinic researchers have used a new approach to chemotherapy to more than double the typical survival rate for patients with stomach cancer and peritoneal metastasis, which is cancer that has spread to the lining of the abdominal cavity, according to a study published in the Annals of Surgical Oncology.
	Health shocks driven by air pollution in Sao Paulo, Brazil found to disrupt health care as a result of limited capacity Since developing countries have both lower levels of hospital infrastructure and serious health shocks driven by air pollution, how responsive are their health care systems to these health shocks? In a new study, researchers examined the consequences of air pollution-induced health shocks in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The study found that even transitory health shocks can disrupt health care services as a result of limited capacity.
	Study finds suicidal behaviors increased by over 50% in Catalonia, Spain after the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked extensive discussions about its effect on mental health. While global suicide rates remained stable during the pandemic, the specific impact on non-lethal suicidal behaviors, namely, ideation or suicide attempts that are survived, during and after the pandemic had not been explored.
	A roadmap for digital neuroscience: Researchers summarize current status and further developments Neuroscience has entered a new, digital phase. The combination of brain research with supercomputing in large-scale, multi-disciplinary research collaborations has enabled an innovative approach to deciphering the brain, using powerful scientific technologies and data resources.
	Social media use linked to tobacco initiation among youth The tobacco industry has long appealed to youth through targeted marketing that glamorizes smoking with imagery of candy-flavored products, celebrity endorsements, social settings, and other enticing tactics. That marketing approach appears to be particularly effective on social media, according to a new study led by Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) researchers.
	Scientists explore the coupling between health span and lifespan in Caenorhabditis A new research paper was published in Aging titled, "The coupling between healthspan and lifespan in Caenorhabditis depends on complex interactions between compound intervention and genetic background."
	Biden admin issues rule protecting abortion privacy President Joe Biden's administration announced a new rule Monday to protect the privacy of women who go out of their home state to have legal abortions, amid fears they could be prosecuted upon their return.
	Alecensa approved as first and only anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor for non-small cell lung cancer The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Genentech's Alecensa (alectinib) as adjuvant treatment following tumor resection in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
	Creating an advance directive for your future well-being No one can predict the future, but putting together an advance directive can bring you peace of mind and a plan for your medical care during an emergency or end of life.
	Patients have a right to an observer to prevent sexual misconduct in doctors' offices, new NJ rules say New Jersey is proposing new rules to better protect patients from sexual misconduct in doctors' offices.
	Black and Hispanic people in the US growing more confident learning and performing CPR More Black and Hispanic people in the U.S. feel confident performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). A 2023 American Heart Association survey found that 44% of Black Americans now feel confident in performing conventional CPR, up from 30% polled just three years ago. Hispanic survey participants also reported gains with a 7% increase from 37% in 2021 to 44%.
	Impact of COVID-19-related nonpharmaceutical interventions on diarrheal diseases and zoonotic Salmonella Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been proven effective in reducing the spread of COVID-19, but their broader impact on gastrointestinal disorders remains poorly studied. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are primarily self-limiting diarrheal illnesses with a high case fatality rate in certain regions. Systematic investigation of the genetic characteristics and transmission pathways of NPIs in China is lacking.
	AI chatbots have a potentially useful role to play in idea generation In a paper published in the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, UTS Graduate School of Health Senior Lecturer in Physiotherapy Dr. Joshua Pate and Ph.D. candidate Rebecca Fechner write that AI chatbots offer a novel avenue for idea generation, simulating multidisciplinary workshops that traditionally require significant time and resources.
	Experts recommend an evidence-based public health approach to excessive alcohol use Policymakers and public health officials have a critical role to play in reducing excessive alcohol use and alcohol use disorder, says the American College of Physicians in a new policy. "Excessive Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Policy Brief of the American College of Physicians," published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, says that barriers need to be removed to accessing treatment and more needs to be done to reduce binge drinking and heavy drinking among young adults and other high-risk populations.
	Swimming short fibrous nasal drops achieve intraventricular administration Adequate drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier is a critical factor in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Inspired by swimming fish and the microstructure of the nasal cavity, Prof. Cui is the first to develop swimming short fibrous nasal drops that can directly target the nasal mucosa and swim in the nasal cavity, which can effectively deliver drugs to the brain. The paper is published in the journal Science Bulletin.

Other Sciences news

	Understanding the spread of behavior: How long-tie connections accelerate the speed of social contagion Human beings are likely to adopt the thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors of those around them. Simple decisions like what local store is best to shop at to more complex ones like vaccinating a child are influenced by these behavior patterns and social discourse.
	Study finds rekindling old friendships as scary as making new ones Psychologists from Simon Fraser University (SFU) and the University of Sussex have found that people are as hesitant to reach out to an old friend as they are to strike up a conversation with a stranger, even when they had the capacity and desire to do so. The new research is published today in the journal Communications Psychology.
	Teacher lawsuits over forced grade inflation won't fix unfair grading—here's what could After refusing to give some students grades they hadn't earned, high school chemistry teacher Toni Ognibene sued the Clovis Unified School District in California for allegedly retaliating against her. The lawsuit was filed in December 2023.
	Should family members be in charge of family businesses? We analyzed 175 studies to understand how a family CEO pays off From Hermes to Smuckers to the fictional Waystar Royco of HBO's "Succession," family businesses often choose their CEOs from the ranks of kin. But is this a good business decision? As researchers who study entrepreneurship and management, we wanted to know whether keeping leadership in the family pays off for businesses. So we reviewed 175 studies on the topic to see whether family CEOs really are the best choice for family businesses. We found that the answer is yes—sometimes.
	A harmonious solution to career success for overqualified employees Overqualified employees can fulfill their career potential if they have the right passion for their work, according to new research by The University of Western Australia.
	Staying on trend: Research dives into aligning social media skills development to industry expectations New research from the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Collat School of Business is revealing how college students grasp social media marketing concepts, and what industry leaders are looking for when they enter the workforce.
	The bigger the student loan, the smaller the chance of getting good grades If you are a student living on a loan in the United States, you are less likely to get good grades than your debt-free fellow students. The bigger your student loan, the poorer you perform.
	Early chances to identify terrorists are missed due to inadequacies in UK data sharing laws, says study There are inherent flaws in the U.K.'s ability to obtain and exchange information to detect fraud and terrorism financing, according to research from Cardiff University.
	How global factors influence Thailand's rubber market A study published in the International Journal of Economics and Business Research has looked at the various factors affecting fluctuations in the price of natural rubber in Thailand, the world's largest producer of the product. The study considers both domestic and external influences on rubber prices, showing just how the Thai market is affected by global changes and trends.
	Firms learn more from 'knowledge-gap' failures than mere 'slip-ups,' says study A study co-written by a team of University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign business scholars and published in Organization Science finds that organizational learning from failures can vary significantly based on two factors: the nature of the failures themselves, and the innovation capabilities of the firms involved.
	Missing identity options on forms can prompt anger, reduce belonging Being asked to provide demographic information in official forms such as job applications—but finding one's own identity group missing from demographic options provided—can signal a low likelihood of belonging in a given setting and trigger anger, according to new Cornell research.
	Research reveals tools to make STEM degrees more affordable In a new study in Issues in Science and Technology, Dominique J. Baker, an associate professor in the College of Education and Human Development and the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. School of Public Policy & Administration at the University of Delaware, has explored the role of student loans on hopeful students striving for college degrees, particularly in STEM.
	How companies can use generative AI for empathetic customer relationships to create lifetime value Researchers from National Taiwan University and the University of Maryland have published a new Journal of Marketing article that examines how marketers can use GenAI to provide empathetic customer care.
	South Korean marginalized communities developed 'disaster subculture' living through extreme climate events, study finds Locations around the globe are experiencing climate disasters on a regular basis. But some of the most marginalized populations experience disasters so often it has come to be normalized.
	Freedom of information: To what extent are public archives accessible? In 2000, the Council of Europe issued a Recommendation aimed at improving access to archives in the member states. Together with the Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archives (OSA Archivum) in Budapest, Fraunhofer ISI evaluated how these recommendations have been implemented and how accessible the archives are more than 20 years on. The researchers also investigated the technological, legal and political challenges facing freedom of information.
	New database sheds light on violence in Greek detention facilities The University of Oxford's Border Criminologies research network have contributed to the first interactive, open-source database of rights violations inside Greek detention centers.
	Environmental lawyer calls for a gender-sensitive international legal framework to protect climate migrants Because 80% of climate migrants are women and girls, a new international legal framework is needed to protect human rights, incorporating gender-sensitive and responsive measures in policies and legislation.

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