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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for April 19, 2024:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

How myeloid cell replacement could help treat autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Study suggests Io's volcanoes have been active for 4.5 billion years
A dexterous four-legged robot that can walk and handle objects simultaneously
Baby white sharks prefer being closer to shore, scientists find
Study of cancer-induced liver inflammation finds a promising therapeutic target
Warming of Antarctic deep-sea waters contribute to sea level rise in North Atlantic, study finds
Key protein regulates immune response to viruses in mammal cells
Climate change will increase value of residential rooftop solar panels across US, study finds
Light show in living cells: New method allows simultaneous fluorescent labeling of many proteins
Engineered peptides open new avenue for immunotherapy drug development
Signs of multiple sclerosis show up in blood years before symptoms, study finds
Ghost particle on the scales: Research offers more precise determination of neutrino mass
Unraveling water mysteries beyond Earth: Ground-penetrating radar will seek bodies of water on Jupiter
Cosmic rays streamed through Earth's atmosphere 41,000 years ago: New findings on the Laschamps excursion
Comprehensive model unravels quantum-mechanical effects behind photoluminescence in thin gold films

Nanotechnology news

	Comprehensive model unravels quantum-mechanical effects behind photoluminescence in thin gold films EPFL researchers have developed the first comprehensive model of the quantum-mechanical effects behind photoluminescence in thin gold films; a discovery that could drive the development of solar fuels and batteries.
	Development of organic semiconductors featuring ultrafast electrons Scientists have created conducting two-dimensional polymers exhibiting electron mobility comparable to graphene. Their research has been featured in the online edition of Chem.
	Researchers set new standards for nanoparticles, helping patients with MS, ALS, Parkinson's disease Is it possible for nanoparticles to go through the digestive system and deliver medicine directly to the brain tissue? Researchers from Michigan State University say yes, and their latest findings are expected to benefit patients with neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, or MS; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS; and Parkinson's disease, or PD.
	European XFEL elicits secrets from an important nanogel An international team at the world's largest X-ray laser European XFEL at Schenefeld near Hamburg has scrutinized the properties of an important nanogel that is often used in medicine to release drugs in a targeted and controlled manner at the desired location in a patient's body. The team has now published the results in the journal Science Advances.
	Cost-effective nanorod electrodes for molecular hydrogen production SUNY Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly) Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Dr. Iulian Gherasoiu and peers have published research in the Journal of Applied Electrochemistry titled "MoVN-coated MoNi4-MoO2 nanorods as a bifunctional electrode for electrochemical water splitting."
	Scientists develop novel aggregation-induced emission carbon dots for bioimaging Carbon dots (CDs) are an intriguing class of nanomaterials that have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. These carbon-based materials possess excellent fluorescence properties, making them highly appealing for a wide range of applications.

What is the mass of a neutrino at rest? This is one of the big unanswered questions in physics. Neutrinos play a central role in nature. A team led by Klaus Blaum, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, has now made an important contribution in "weighing" neutrinos as part of the international ECHo collaboration. Their findings are published in Nature Physics.

Compact quantum light processing: New findings lead to advances in optical quantum computing

An international collaboration of researchers, led by Philip Walther at University of Vienna, have achieved a significant breakthrough in quantum technology, with the successful demonstration of quantum interference among several single photons using a novel resource-efficient platform. The work published in Science Advances represents a notable advancement in optical quantum computing that paves the way for more scalable quantum technologies.

Fusion-energy quest makes big advance with EU-Japan reactor

The inauguration of the world's most powerful fusion machine brings the dream of clean, safe and abundant power closer.

Earth news

	Warming of Antarctic deep-sea waters contribute to sea level rise in North Atlantic, study finds Analysis of mooring observations and hydrographic data suggest the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation deep water limb in the North Atlantic has weakened. Two decades of continual observations provide a greater understanding of the Earth's climate regulating system.
	Scientists trigger mini-earthquakes in the lab Earthquakes and landslides are famously difficult to predict and prepare for. By studying a miniature version of the ground in the lab, scientists at the UvA Institute of Physics have demonstrated how these events can be triggered by a small external shock wave. Bring a flotation device: it involves the ground briefly turning into a liquid.
	Weather prediction models can also forecast satellite displacements New research finds that modern weather models can accurately predict satellite movements due to the energy emitted and reflected by the Earth. In addition to weather prediction, weather models can also help understand and predict how satellites respond to weather events, such as storms.
	The Italian central Apennines are a source of CO₂, study finds Tectonically active mountains play an important role in the natural CO2 regulation of the atmosphere. Competing processes take place here: At Earth's surface, erosion drives weathering processes that absorb or release CO2, depending on the type of rock. At depth, the heating and melting of carbonate rock leads to the outgassing of CO2 at the surface.
	Indonesia on alert for more eruptions at remote volcano Indonesian authorities were on alert Friday for more eruptions from a remote island volcano that forced thousands to evacuate this week, as nearby residents began clearing debris after molten rocks rained down on their villages.
	Remote Indonesia volcano erupts again after thousands evacuated A remote Indonesian volcano sent a tower of ash spewing into the sky Friday, after nearly half a dozen eruptions earlier this week forced thousands to evacuate when molten rocks rained down on their villages.
	Green mystery: Plumbian orthoclase reveals hidden resources Plumbian orthoclase is a bit of a mystery, but this unique Aussie mineral is part of a mining industry revolution. The mineral's glowy green hue feels otherworldly. Although this Aussie kryptonite's origin is terrestrial, it's no less surprising.
	'Green muscle memory' and climate education promote behavior change: Report This year, organizers of Earth Day are calling for widespread climate education as a critical step in the fight against climate change.
	It never rains but it pours: Intense rain and flash floods have increased inland in eastern Australia Before climate change really got going, eastern Australia's flash floods tended to concentrate on our coastal regions, east of the Great Dividing Range.
	Researchers reveal sources of black carbon in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau Black carbon (BC) is the result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, with strong light absorption. It is second only to carbon dioxide as a climate-forcing factor for atmospheric warming. Deposition of BC on snow and ice surfaces reduces albedo, accelerates glacier and snow cover melting, and alters hydrological processes and water resources in the region.
	New research shines light on how expert mapmakers see the world differently Researchers at Aston University have found differences between experienced Ordnance Survey (OS) mapmakers and novices in the way that they interpret aerial images for mapmaking, which could lead to improved training processes for new recruits. The findings are published in the Journal of Vision.
	US says two 'forever chemicals' are hazardous, tells polluters to pay The US Environmental Protection Agency on Friday classified two so-called "forever chemicals" as hazardous substances, meaning those responsible for releasing them will have to pay to clean up contamination.
	AI for Earth: How NASA's artificial intelligence and open science efforts combat climate change As extreme weather events increase around the world due to climate change, the need for further research into our warming planet has increased as well. For NASA, climate research involves not only conducting studies of these events, but also empowering outside researchers to do the same. The artificial intelligence (AI) efforts spearheaded by the agency offer a powerful tool to accomplish these goals.
	Scotland is ditching its flagship 2030 climate goal—why legally binding targets really matter The Scottish government has rescinded its 2030 target of a 75% emissions cut to greenhouse gas emissions, relative to 1990. The target was statutory, meaning it had been set in law in the Emissions Reduction Targets Act of 2019.

Astronomy and Space news

	Study suggests Io's volcanoes have been active for 4.5 billion years A team of geologists and planetary scientists from the California Institute of Technology, the University of California Santa Cruz, New York University, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center reports evidence that Io's volcanic activity has been ongoing since the beginning of the solar system. In their study, published in the journal Science, the group studied sulfur isotopes in Io's atmosphere to determine how long the moon has been volcanically active.
	Unraveling water mysteries beyond Earth: Ground-penetrating radar will seek bodies of water on Jupiter Finding water on distant planets and moons in our solar system is a challenge, especially when the instrument is thousands of kilometers away from the surface, but scientists presenting at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly describe how ground-penetrating radar is used to discover bodies of water below the surface of distant planets and they are on their way to Jupiter.
	Cosmic rays streamed through Earth's atmosphere 41,000 years ago: New findings on the Laschamps excursion Earth's magnetic field protects us from the dangerous radiation of space, but it is not as permanent as we might believe. Scientists at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly present new information about an 'excursion' 41,000 years ago where our planet's magnetic field waned, and harmful space rays bombarded the planet.
	Technical trials for easing the (cosmological) tension Thanks to the dizzying growth of cosmic observations and measurement tools and some new advancements (primarily the "discovery" of what we call dark matter and dark energy) all against the backdrop of General Relativity, the early 2000s were a time when nothing seemed capable of challenging the advancement of our knowledge about the cosmos, its origins, and its future evolution.
	Merging nuclear physics experiments and astronomical observations to advance equation-of-state research For most stars, neutron stars and black holes are their final resting places. When a supergiant star runs out of fuel, it expands and then rapidly collapses on itself. This act creates a neutron star—an object denser than our sun crammed into a space 13 to 18 miles wide. In such a heavily condensed stellar environment, most electrons combine with protons to make neutrons, resulting in a dense ball of matter consisting mainly of neutrons. Researchers try to understand the forces that control this process by creating dense matter in the laboratory through colliding neutron-rich nuclei and taking detailed measurements.
	Scientists discover new way to extract cosmological information from galaxy surveys Scientists at the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) and their international collaborators have recently developed a new method for efficiently extracting information from galaxy surveys. Their research results are published in the journal Communications Physics.
	The 'devil comet' 12P/Pons-Brooks has finally become visible from Australia. What can we expect? If you're a fan of all things space, you've doubtless heard about the "devil comet," which has been captivating keen-eyed observers in the northern hemisphere for the past few weeks. Now it's our turn, as comet 12P/Pons–Brooks is creeping into view for the southern hemisphere.
	Mars rover continues progress along upper Gediz Vallis ridge Curiosity continues to make progress along the margin of upper Gediz Vallis ridge, investigating the broken bedrock in our workspace and acquiring images of the ridge deposit as the rover drives south.
	Two NASA sounding rockets launch from Alaska during solar flare Two Black Brant IX sounding rockets launched from Poker Flat Research Range in Fairbanks, Alaska, April 17, 2024, during an M-class solar flare for NASA's sounding rocket solar flare campaign.

Technology news

	A dexterous four-legged robot that can walk and handle objects simultaneously Four-legged robots, also known as quadrupedal robots, have advantageous characteristics, including the ability to rapidly walk on challenging terrains and keep a low center of gravity. Some four-legged robots can also manipulate objects in their surroundings, yet this is typically achieved using arm-like structures mounted at the top of the robots, rather than the limbs they use to walk.
	Climate change will increase value of residential rooftop solar panels across US, study finds Climate change will increase the future value of residential rooftop solar panels across the United States by up to 19% by the end of the century, according to a new University of Michigan-led study.
	Harnessing solar energy for high-efficiency NH₃ production A technology that harnesses solar energy to produce high-efficiency ammonia (NH3) has been unveiled by a research team affiliated with UNIST.
	Versatile fibers offer improved energy storage capacity for wearable devices The latest wearable devices, such as Samsung's Galaxy Ring and Apple's Vision Pro, are taking health care a step further and even enabling people to work virtually. Given the characteristics of wearable devices that require them to be small and lightweight, there is an inevitable limitation on battery capacity, still presenting a technical barrier to incorporating a variety of functions. In order for wearable devices to fully realize their potential, it is necessary to develop a lighter and 'more from less' energy storage method.
	To build a better AI helper, start by modeling the irrational behavior of humans To build AI systems that can collaborate effectively with humans, it helps to have a good model of human behavior to start with. But humans tend to behave suboptimally when making decisions.
	Microsoft's AI app VASA-1 makes photographs talk and sing with believable facial expressions A team of AI researchers at Microsoft Research Asia has developed an AI application that converts a still image of a person and an audio track into an animation that accurately portrays the individual speaking or singing the audio track with appropriate facial expressions.
	A flexible and efficient DC power converter for sustainable-energy microgrids A new DC-DC power converter is superior to previous designs and paves the way for more efficient, reliable and sustainable energy storage and conversion solutions. The Kobe University development can efficiently interface with a wide range of energy sources while enhancing system stability and simplicity at an unprecedented efficiency.
	Silent flight edges closer to take off, according to new research The mystery of how futuristic aircraft-embedded engines, featuring an energy-conserving arrangement, make noise has been solved by researchers at the University of Bristol.
	Greater access to clean water, thanks to a better membrane Water scarcity around the world is a bigger problem than ever, and desalination is critical to solving it. The best available technologies for separating salt from seawater, though, are costly and require a great deal of maintenance.
	Researchers develop sodium battery capable of rapid charging in just a few seconds Sodium (Na), which is over 500 times more abundant than lithium (Li), has recently garnered significant attention for its potential in sodium-ion battery technologies. However, existing sodium-ion batteries face fundamental limitations, including lower power output, constrained storage properties, and longer charging times, necessitating the development of next-generation energy storage materials.
	Apple pulls WhatsApp and Threads from App Store on Beijing's orders Apple said it had removed Meta's WhatsApp messaging app and its Threads social media app from the App Store in China to comply with orders from Chinese authorities.
	Google is combining its Android software and Pixel hardware divisions to more broadly integrate AI Google will combine the software division responsible for Android mobile software and the Chrome browser with the hardware division known for Pixel smartphones and Fitbit wearables, the company said Thursday. It's part of a broader plan to integrate artificial intelligence more widely throughout the company.
	Netflix now has nearly 270 million subscribers after another strong showing to begin 2024 Netflix gained another 9.3 million subscribers to start the year while its profit soared with the help of a still-emerging expansion into advertising, but caught investors off guard with a change that will make it more difficult to track the video streaming service's future growth.
	Bitcoin's next 'halving' is right around the corner. Here's what you need to know Sometime in the next few days or even hours, the "miners" who chisel bitcoins out of complex mathematics are going to take a 50% pay cut—effectively slicing new production of the world's largest cryptocurrency in half.
	Japan doctors sue Google Maps over 'punching bag' reviews Around 60 doctors in Japan have accused Google Maps of ignoring vitriolic reviews of their clinics in a class-action lawsuit touted as the first of its kind.
	Quarter of UK 5 to 7-year-olds have smartphone: Study Around a quarter of British children aged between five and seven-years-old now have a smart phone, a study by the UK communications regulator said on Friday.
	Houses made of waste changing lives in South America Homes made of discarded plastic bottles, construction waste and old tires are being built across Latin America as new technologies help turn municipal waste into sustainable bricks and tiles.
	Are tomorrow's engineers ready to face AI's ethical challenges? A chatbot turns hostile. A test version of a Roomba vacuum collects images of users in private situations. A Black woman is falsely identified as a suspect on the basis of facial recognition software, which tends to be less accurate at identifying women and people of color.
	Understanding AI outputs: Study shows pro-western cultural bias in the way AI decisions are explained Humans are increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) to inform decisions about our lives. AI is, for instance, helping to make hiring choices and offer medical diagnoses.
	South Africa's electricity crisis: A series of failures over 30 years have left a dim legacy In 1994, apartheid ended and the African National Congress (ANC) won South Africa's first ever democratic elections, promising "Electricity for All" as part of its Reconstruction and Development Program.
	Crime detection and crime hot spot prediction using a deep learning model Crime is an age-old and never-ending problem for societies worldwide and crime detection and crime fighting have always chased after the criminals who often stay one step ahead.
	Study unlocks opportunities to bridge the US wind energy workforce gap U.S. land-based and offshore wind energy markets are expected to grow significantly over the next few decades. With this growth, the demand for properly trained wind energy workers will also increase to meet national deployment targets.
	New flight procedures to reduce noise from aircraft departing and arriving at Boston Logan Airport If you're a resident of Hull, Lynn, Salem, or other Massachusetts towns currently exposed to noise from aircraft approaching Boston Logan Airport, you may notice the skies getting a little quieter this year.
	The biggest barrier to a vibrant second-hand electric vehicle market? Price News policies and broader subsidies are needed to help lower-income buyers afford used electric vehicles, according to a Rutgers study.
	Olympic organizers unveil strategy for using artificial intelligence in sports Olympic organizers unveiled their strategy Friday to use artificial intelligence in sports, joining the global rush to capitalize on the rapidly advancing technology.
	Tesla to recall Cybertruck over acceleration defect Tesla is recalling 3,878 Cybertruck vehicles because of a defect that can cause unintentional vehicle acceleration, increasing crash risk, according to a US notice posted this week.
	China auto sector steps up Europe push with Spain plant Chinese carmaker Chery signed a deal Friday to produce mainly electric vehicles in Spain, as Beijing's auto sector pushes ahead with plans to expand into Europe despite growing competition concerns.
	Linkable and traceable anonymous authentication with fine-grained access control Anonymous authentication plays a crucial role in privacy-focused applications, and it is used for authenticating a user's identity in a privacy-preserving way. If enough privacy is provided, malicious users may misuse privacy. Accountability is necessary to avoid abusing anonymity. Previous anonymous authentication schemes can not hold the basic requirements of public linking and tracing while further ensuring access control simultaneously.
	Walmart, M.D.: Why the world's largest retailer wants to be America's doctor Walmart, the largest U.S. employer with a workforce of 1.6 million, is slowly building a network of in-store clinics, believing it has a place in America's health care system.

Chemistry news

	A hydrocarbon molecule as supplier and energy storage solution for solar energy Until now, the generation and storage of electricity from solar energy has been dependent on various devices, leading to conversion losses. That may change soon, as chemists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and other research institutes in Germany, Australia, the United Kingdom, Italy, Sweden and the U.S. are conducting research into a hydrocarbon molecule that can either convert sunlight into electricity or save the energy for a long time in a chemical form.
	Accelerating the discovery of new materials via the ion-exchange method Tohoku University researchers have unveiled a new means of predicting how to synthesize new materials via the ion-exchange. Based on computer simulations, the method significantly reduces the time and energy required to explore for inorganic materials.
	Some plant-based steaks and cold cuts are lacking in protein, researchers find Many plant-based meats have seemingly done the impossible by recreating animal products ranging from beef to seafood. But beyond just the taste and texture, how do these products compare to the real thing in nutritional value? A small-scale study published in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry shows that while some "plant steaks" and "plant cold cuts" might be comparable to meats on some fronts, their amino acid content and protein digestibility fall short.
	Chemists introduce new copper-catalyzed C-H activation strategy Inspired by what human liver enzymes can do, Scripps Research chemists have developed a new set of copper-catalyzed organic synthesis reactions for building and modifying pharmaceuticals and other molecules. The new reactions are expected to be widely used in drug discovery and optimization, as well as in other chemistry-based industries.
	Self-adjusted reaction pathway enables efficient oxidation of aromatic C-H bonds over Co@Y catalyst The selective oxidation of aromatic C-H bonds has drawn significant attention in both industrial and fine chemistry due to its crucial role in converting readily- and cheaply-available aromatic hydrocarbons into high-value-added oxygenated products for diverse fields such as biology, medicine, fragrance, and agriculture.

Biology news

	Baby white sharks prefer being closer to shore, scientists find Remember #BabyShark? And no, this was not the very catchy song for kids that took the internet by storm. Earlier this year, social media was abuzz with stunning footage of a newborn great white shark, captured by a flying drone.
	Key protein regulates immune response to viruses in mammal cells Researchers have revealed the regulatory mechanism of a specific protein that plays a key role in balancing the immune response triggered by viral infections in mammal cells. These findings could help drive the development of antiviral therapies and nucleic acid medicines to treat genetic disorders. The research is published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research.
	Light show in living cells: New method allows simultaneous fluorescent labeling of many proteins Observing proteins precisely within cells is extremely important for many branches of research but has been a significant technical challenge—especially in living cells, as the required fluorescent labeling had to be individually attached to each protein.
	Mycoheterotrophic plants as a key to the 'Wood Wide Web' Bayreuth researchers shed light on the natural evidence for the occurrence and function of networks of fungi and plants—so-called mycorrhizal networks. Through this "Wood Wide Web," plants can exchange resources and even information with each other. The researchers have now reported their findings in the journal Nature Plants.
	Uncovering key players in gene silencing: Insights into plant growth and human diseases Monash University biologists have shed light on the intricate molecular mechanisms that are responsible for gene silencing induced by expanded repeats in an international study published today in Nature Plants.
	Why zebrafish can regenerate damaged heart tissue, while other fish species cannot A heart attack will leave a permanent scar on a human heart, yet other animals, including some fish and amphibians, can clear cardiac scar tissue and regrow damaged muscle as adults.
	Seeing is believing: Scientists reveal connectome of the fruit fly visual system Janelia scientists and collaborators have reached another milestone in connectomics, unveiling a comprehensive wiring diagram of the fruit fly visual system. The work has been released on the pre-print server bioRxiv.
	Global study finds there really are more insects out after dark Have you ever wondered if there are more insects out at night than during the day?
	Previously unknown details of aphids in flight to contribute to improved crop security Researchers led by a scientist at Keele University in Staffordshire have studied the previously unknown flight mechanisms of a common crop pest, to learn more about their movements in a bid to improve food security and prevent the spread of disease. The research has been published in the journal Agricultural and Forest Entomology.
	H5N1 strain of bird flu found in milk: WHO The H5N1 bird flu virus strain has been detected in very high concentrations in raw milk from infected animals, the WHO said Friday, though how long the virus can survive in milk is unknown.
	Researchers help migrating salmon survive mortality hot-spot When Kevin Ryan and the other hardworking volunteers at Mossom Creek Hatchery in Port Moody, B.C. release young coho smolts into the ocean, they're never quite certain how many will return as adults.
	Wild and domestic ungulates are key to Mediterranean ecosystem sustainability, finds study Researchers from Miguel Hernández University of Elche (UMH) have conducted a vegetation analysis over the last 30 years using satellite images from two environments in the Sierra de Cazorla Natural Park (southeast Spain)—one with wild ungulates such as deer and the other predominantly with domestic ungulates specifically Segureño sheep—which concludes that these types of herbivores produce different effects on vegetation.
	Wild turkey numbers are falling in some parts of the US—the main reason may be habitat loss Birdsong is a welcome sign of spring, but robins and cardinals aren't the only birds showing off for breeding season. In many parts of North America, you're likely to encounter male wild turkeys, puffed up like beach balls and with their tails fanned out, aggressively strutting through woods and parks or stopping traffic on your street.
	Planned 'mass execution' of geese in Conn. city paused after outpouring of passionate input on both sides Tears, shouts and interruptions marked residents' comments Wednesday night over a proposal to exterminate geese in Bristol, Conn., parks.
	Reintroduced wolves kill four yearling cattle in latest of string of livestock attacks in Colorado Wolves killed several yearling cattle in north-central Colorado this week, bringing the total number of wolf kills of livestock this month to six.
	How climate change affects potato cultivation in South Korea A study published in the journal Potato Research presents results on the response of spring and summer potatoes to climate change in South Korea. The study, conducted by scientists from the Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) and the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, investigates the effects of global warming on the potato crop and presents adaptation strategies.
	Pomegranate power: Unlocking sustainable antimicrobial solutions from peels Pomegranates, known for their rich phenolic content, have been explored for their potential as natural antimicrobials. The research focuses on the peel, which contains a high concentration of these beneficial compounds and represents a significant portion of the fruit's biomass. The study presents a multivariate approach to screen different pomegranate varieties for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities.

Medicine and Health news

	How myeloid cell replacement could help treat autoimmune encephalomyelitis Autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are disorders of the immune system associated in this case with demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). The term demyelination describes damage to the layer covering nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
	Study of cancer-induced liver inflammation finds a promising therapeutic target Liver inflammation, a common side-effect of cancers elsewhere in the body, has long been associated with worse cancer outcomes and more recently associated with poor response to immunotherapy. Now, a team led by researchers from the Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania has found a big reason why.
	Engineered peptides open new avenue for immunotherapy drug development In a new study published in Nature Biomedical Engineering, researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center have designed a new method for developing immunotherapy drugs using engineered peptides to elicit a natural immune response inside the body.
	Signs of multiple sclerosis show up in blood years before symptoms, study finds In a discovery that could hasten treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), UC San Francisco scientists have discovered a harbinger in the blood of some people who later went on to develop the disease.
	Dietary treatment found to be more effective than medicines in irritable bowel syndrome A study conducted at the University of Gothenburg found that with dietary adjustments, more than 7 out of 10 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients had significantly reduced symptoms, compared with medications. The work is published in The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology journal.
	Using AI to trace the origins of metastatic cancer cells A large team of cancer researchers affiliated with several institutions in China, working with a pair of colleagues in the U.S., has found that artificial intelligence applications can be used to trace the origins of metastatic cancer cells in remote parts of the body.
	Geneticists develop world's first bioinformatic tool to identify amyloids consisting of multiple copies of same protein Scientists from St Petersburg University and the University of Montpellier have developed the first software enabling the prediction of pairs of proteins in amyloid fibrils capable of co-aggregation, i.e. a process by which proteins become attached to one another. Their studies have shown an accuracy of more than 94%. The work is published in the Journal of Molecular Biology.
	Researchers develop a new way to safely boost immune cells to fight cancer Last year alone, more than 600,000 people in the United States died from cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. The relentless pursuit of understanding this complex disease has shaped medical progress in developing treatment procedures that are less invasive while still highly effective.
	Retrospective genomic characterization of the 2020 Ebola outbreak Epidemiology researchers are harnessing tools developed by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, to untangle the origins of the 2020 Ebola virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). An article in The Lancet Microbe explores how advanced tools developed by APL are revolutionizing infectious disease outbreak response and research.
	Researchers discover dynamic DNA structures that regulate the formation of memory An international collaborative research team, including scientists from UQ's Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), has discovered a novel mechanism underlying memory involving rapid changes in a specific DNA structure.
	Analyzing the progression in retinal thickness could predict cognitive progression in Parkinson's patients Although there are still some aspects pending confirmation for its use in the clinical setting, and its resolution needs to be improved slightly, a study by the UPV/EHU and Biobizkaia has shown that a method routinely used to carry out ophthalmological tests can also be used to monitor the neurodegeneration that occurs in Parkinson's patients. In the course of the research, it was found that the neurodegeneration of the retina probably precedes cognitive impairment.
	Researchers explore causal machine learning, a new advancement for AI in health care Artificial intelligence is making progress in the medical arena. When it comes to imaging techniques and the calculation of health risks, there is a plethora of AI methods in development and testing phases. Wherever it is a matter of recognizing patterns in large data volumes, it is expected that machines will bring great benefit to humanity. Following the classical model, the AI compares information against learned examples, draws conclusions, and makes extrapolations.
	New research defines specific genomic changes associated with the transmissibility of the mpox virus Mount Sinai scientists, in collaboration with researchers from the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII) in Madrid, Spain, have located and identified alterations in the mpox virus genome that potentially correlate with changes in the virus's transmissibility observed in the 2022 outbreak. The findings were published April 18 in Nature Communications.
	Clinical recommendations for newer diabetes treatments A new guideline from the American College of Physicians (ACP) offers clinical recommendations for the use of newer pharmacological treatments of adults with type 2 diabetes. This is an update of ACP's 2017 guideline and is based on the best available evidence for effectiveness, comparative benefits and harms, consideration of patients' values and preferences, and costs. Newer Pharmacological Treatments in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Guideline from the American College of Physicians is published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Sluggish uptake of new antibiotics threatens future development and supply for highly resistant infections A large retrospective cohort pharmacoepidemiologic study found that despite approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for seven new gram-negative antibiotics between 2014 and 2019, clinicians in U.S. hospitals still treated more than 40% of patients battling highly resistant pathogens exclusively with older, generic agents. Furthermore, nearly 80% of the time these older agents are already known to be highly toxic or sub-optimally effective.
	Study finds calories may be more important than meal timing when it comes to weight loss A randomized controlled trial comprised of adults with obesity and prediabetes found that both time-restricted eating and a usual eating pattern resulted in weight loss when calories were held constant in both groups. It did not seem to matter whether participants consumed most of their calories early in the day or in the evening, suggesting that overall calories may be more important than meal timing when it comes to weight loss.
	Cancer is a disease of aging, but studies of older adults sorely lacking, review suggests A systemic review of the current body of research shows that investigators have inadequately addressed the intersection of aging, health disparities, and cancer outcomes among older adults. This is the conclusion of a paper published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, and led by Nikesha Gilmore, Ph.D., a member of Wilmot Cancer Institute at the University of Rochester.
	Three ways to improve diabetes care through telehealth Grocery stores, airports and beaches aren't great places to have telehealth visits with your endocrinologist. But home can be one of the best locations, giving a doctor helpful insights into a patient's home environment, which can positively impact their care.
	Video: How to cope with irritable bowel syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can significantly disrupt a person's daily life. Some people suffer in silence because of painful stomach cramps, diarrhea, and constipation. These symptoms can significantly affect a person's quality of life.
	Black women hospitalized in US with blood infection resistant to last-resort antibiotic at increased risk of death New research being presented at this year's ESCIMD Global Congress (formerly ECCMID) in Barcelona, Spain (27–30 April), finds that the odds of death in Black women with a bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales (CRE)—a family of the world's most intractable drug-resistant bacteria—was twice that of Black men or White women even after adjusting for age, BSI source, liver disease, hospital onset, race and gender and the race-gender interaction.
	Many suicides are related to gambling—how can we tackle this problem? Whether you're watching TV, attending a footy game, or eating a meal at your local pub, gambling is hard to escape. Although the rise of gambling is not unique to Australia, it has become normalized as a part of Australian culture.
	How bedsharing, maternal smoking, stomach sleeping contribute to sudden unexpected infant deaths Unsafe sleep practices underlie most sudden unexpected infant deaths in the U.S., with three-quarters of infants affected by multiple unsafe practices at the time of death, and almost 60% sharing a sleep surface with another person. These are the key findings from our recent study published in Pediatrics.
	Potential modifier gene identified as cause of ciliary pathology in retinitis pigmentosa patient Ciliopathies are rare diseases in which the formation or function of cilia, cylindrical-shaped extensions found on the surface of many cells, is altered. There is a high degree of ciliary specialization, ranging from motile cilia of the respiratory epithelium to primary cilia—necessary for neurodevelopment or the formation of many organs—and neurosensory cilia of the ear and the retina. Some proteins are common to several types of cilia while others are tissue-specific, so ciliopathies may or may not be associated with a particular syndrome.
	Type 2 diabetes is not one-size-fits-all: Subtypes affect complications and treatment options You may have heard of Ozempic, the "miracle drug" for weight loss, but did you know that it was actually designed as a new treatment to manage diabetes? In Canada, diabetes affects approximately 10% of the general population. Of those cases, 90% have type 2 diabetes.
	Good news: Midlife health is about more than a waist measurement. Here's why You're not in your 20s or 30s anymore and you know regular health checks are important. So you go to your GP. During the appointment they measure your waist. They might also check your weight. Looking concerned, they recommend some lifestyle changes.
	Trauma-adapted yoga in forensic psychiatric care is feasible and yields positive effects, finds study Previous studies in correctional facilities have shown positive effects of yoga on inmates. They experience increased impulse control and improved mental health. Are the same positive results seen in detained individuals with severe psychiatric disorders? Now, the first results from a large national and globally unique research study in forensic psychiatry from the University West are presented.
	New insights into the connections between alcohol consumption and aggressive liver cancer While heavy drinking is a well-established risk factor for liver cancer, the specific mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to A-HCC remain unclear.
	Managing blood sugar after stroke could be key to improving health Managing a stroke victim's blood sugar levels after they receive powerful clot-busting drugs might help them survive their health crisis, a new trial finds.
	Researchers say risk prediction model offers accurate predictions for chronic kidney disease For individuals with moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (CKD), a model, KDpredict, can accurately predict the risk for kidney failure and death, according to a study published online April 15 in The BMJ.
	New stem cell model can help personalize stem cell treatment for immunodeficiency patients A collaborative research team has pioneered a new stem cell model to help personalize treatment for patients suffering from rare forms of immunodeficiency. The research findings were published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
	Dozens of COVID virus mutations arose in man with longest known case, research finds An immune-compromised man with a year-and-a-half-long COVID infection served as a breeding ground for dozens of coronavirus mutations, a new study discovered.
	Early intervention could help keep young women out of jail, shows study Adolescence is the prime time to help young women who've had repeated run-ins with the U.S. juvenile justice system find a different path, new University of Oregon research finds.
	A new therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury For the roughly 1.5 million Americans per year who survive a traumatic brain injury, health outcomes vary widely. Not only can these injuries lead to a loss of coordination, depression, impulsivity, and difficulty concentrating, but they come with an amplified risk of developing dementia in the future.
	Caring for older Americans' teeth and gums is essential, but Medicare generally doesn't cover that cost C. Everett Koop, the avuncular doctor with a fluffy white beard who served as the U.S. surgeon general during the Reagan administration, was famous for his work as an innovative pediatric surgeon and the attention he paid to the HIV-AIDS crisis.
	Getting a good night's rest is vital for neurodiverse children—pediatric sleep experts explain why Most of us are all too familiar with the consequences of a poor night's sleep—be it interrupted sleep or simply too little of it. If you're a parent with kids at home, it often leaves you and your children on edge.
	Deeper dive into the gut microbiome shows changes linked to body weight Cedars-Sinai investigators have identified significant variations in the microbes of the small bowel (small intestine) are strongly associated with various body weights, from a normal body mass index, or BMI, to having obesity.
	Researchers discover glial hyper-drive for triggering epileptic seizures Epilepsy, where patients suffer from unexpected seizures, affects roughly 1% of the population. These seizures often involve repetitive and excessive neuronal firing, and the trigger behind this still poorly understood.
	Study: ChatGPT extracts data for ischemic stroke almost perfectly, is useful for thrombectomy data transfer In an ischemic stroke, an artery in the brain is blocked by blood clots and the brain cells can no longer be supplied with blood as a result. Doctors must therefore act quickly and unblock the artery with the help of catheters. During the so-called mechanical thrombectomy, a lot of data has to be recorded and then transferred to various registers.
	Hoping to conceive? Experts offer tips to better female fertility Women hoping to get pregnant sometimes wonder if there's anything they can do to make it easier to conceive.
	Over 100 scientists rename airborne viruses after COVID-19 mistakes Airborne viruses will be called "pathogens that transmit through the air" under new terminology the World Health Organization hopes will end a scientific rift that hampered the early response to COVID-19.
	New study confirms community pharmacies can help people quit smoking A new study shows community pharmacies may play a key role in helping people quit smoking. The findings came out in the article "Closing the Tobacco Treatment Gap," published in the 10th anniversary special issue of Pharmacy. The results provide valuable insights into the implementation of tobacco cessation services within community pharmacies while identifying barriers to further improvements.
	Solving the puzzle: Autism diagnosis often takes longer for girls, whose symptoms can differ from boys' Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder, characterized by difficulty with communication, social interactions and behavior, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports.
	How collagen works in medical treatment Scientists at the NMI have unraveled the mode of action of collagen crosslinking in the treatment of corneal defects and the results open up new opportunities for the use of collagen in medicine.
	Wearable technology assesses surgeons' posture during surgery Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine in collaboration with the University of Arizona led a study that can help surgeons obtain biofeedback of their posture during long surgical procedures. Ultimately, the aim is to reduce the stress associated with maintaining static postures while operating.
	Wastewater study shows potential for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks in jails An innovative partnership between infectious disease researchers and the Fulton County Jail has produced insight that could help detect and track future disease outbreaks.
	Large-scale genetic study finds new link between IBS and the cardiovascular system New research published in the journal Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology sheds light on disease mechanisms common to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
	Older adults in Ohio are among the most vulnerable to extreme weather Nearly 1 in 5 older adults in central Ohio report not being prepared for emergencies, such as extreme weather events, or not knowing if they are ready.
	COVID-19 found to increase the risk of severe cardiovascular problems in people with HIV A study led by the Centre for Epidemiological Studies on STIs and AIDS of Catalonia (CEEISCAT)—a group from the Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), the Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions (FLI), and Odense University Hospital (OUH)—has revealed that people living with HIV who have experienced an episode of COVID-19 face a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the year following infection.
	New compound from blessed thistle may promote functional nerve regeneration Researchers from the University of Cologne have found a new use for cnicin, a substance produced in blessed thistle. Their article "Cnicin promotes functional nerve regeneration" features clinical studies and is published in Phytomedicine.
	Alcohol-induced blackouts may be linked to how a person drinks, not just how much Certain drinking behaviors beyond just the quantity of alcohol consumed may predict the likelihood a person will experience an alcohol-induced blackout, a condition where someone is conscious and engaging with their surroundings but will be unable to remember some or any of what occurred. While in this condition, people are at higher risk for a range of consequences, including violence or sexual assault.
	High genetic risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder suggests possible health consequences Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to a person's mental and physical health and is often accompanied by a range of health problems in patients. Researchers at the University of Tartu found that this is also true for people who do not have a confirmed diagnosis but are at high genetic risk of developing ADHD. The study was published in the journal Psychological Medicine in early April.
	Battle against fatal neurodegenerative disease advances on two fronts European researchers are pioneering a vaccine and treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
	Shoe technology helps reduce risk of diabetic foot ulcers Researchers have developed a new shoe insole technology that helps reduce the risk of diabetic foot ulcers, a dangerous open sore that can lead to hospitalization and leg, foot or toe amputations.
	Aging hallmarks of the primate ovary revealed by spatiotemporal transcriptomics The ovary is an essential organ for female fertility, and its age-dependent decline in function is a major cause of infertility. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian aging are still not well understood, particularly in higher vertebrates like primates.
	Vulnerable Florida patients scramble after abrupt Medicaid termination Esther JeanBart leaned over her son's wheelchair, caressing his face and trying to make him giggle. Gianni JeanBart was under the weather, but still his eyes rolled toward her and his mouth widened, cracking a smile.
	Tumor deposits in colorectal and gastric cancers Tumor deposits (TDs), initially recognized in colorectal cancer, have been identified in various other cancer types, including gastric cancer. It is defined as aggregates of tumor cells found in adipose and fibrous tissues in the lymph node drainage area of a primary tumor.

Other Sciences news

	Many prisoners go years without touching a smartphone—it means they struggle to navigate life on the outside You'd be hard pressed to find any aspect of daily life that doesn't require some form of digital literacy. We need only to look back 10 years to realize how quickly things have changed.
	Dramatic burning of royal remains reveals Maya regime change New archaeological investigations in Guatemala reveal that ancient Maya peoples did not just passively watch their dynastic systems collapse at the end of the Classic period. They actively reworked their political systems to create new governments.
	Which countries are more at risk in the global supply chain? Using firm-level data from the global supply network, researchers from the Complexity Science Hub (CSH) quantified countries' exposure to production losses caused by firm defaults in other countries. According to their findings, wealthy nations are only exposed to supply chain disruptions from other high-income countries, while poor and developing nations are exposed to shocks from all countries.
	Japanese AI tool predicts when recruits will quit jobs Bosses worried about turnover or wondering how long a new hire will stick around can now turn to AI for a heads-up on who might be next out the door.
	Industry, not government, is getting in the way of a 'just transition' for oil and gas workers, say researchers What comes to mind when you read the slogan "I love Canadian Oil and Gas"? Energy independence? Royalties for government coffers? Good jobs for Canadian workers?
	Online schooling is not just for lockdowns. Could it work for your child? During COVID almost all Australian students and their families experienced online learning. But while schools have long since gone back to in-person teaching, online learning has not gone away.
	Friend breakups: Why they can sometimes feel as bad as falling out of love If you've ever gone through a friendship breakup you aren't alone—one study from the US found 86% of teenagers had experienced one.
	New study examines the increased adoption of they/them pronouns People are using "they/them" pronouns more often according to a new study by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
	New report indicates alternative shelters lead to better outcomes for people experiencing homelessness A new report from Portland State University's Homelessness Research & Action Collaborative (HRAC) indicates that alternative shelters provide better outcomes for people experiencing homelessness than traditional shelters.
	Study highlights importance of caregiver well-being in Uganda A group-based curriculum called Journey of Life (JoL)—delivered over 12 sessions in the Kiryandongo refugee settlement in Uganda—led to improvements in mental health, social support, parental warmth and attitudes around violence against children, finds a new study from the Brown School.
	Actions needed beyond lawsuit to address social media's influence on youth, say experts While four Ontario school boards recently announced a $4.5-billion lawsuit against the social media giants behind Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok, Brock University experts are calling for additional actions to address the influence popular online platforms have on teens.

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