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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for April 26, 2024:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

A framework to compare lithium battery testing data and results during operation

Research investigates radio emission of the rotating radio transient RRAT J1854+0306

Study suggests host response needs to be studied along with other bacteriophage research

New circuit boards can be repeatedly recycled

High-precision blood glucose level prediction achieved by few-molecule reservoir computing

Robotic nerve 'cuffs' could help treat a range of neurological conditions

More efficient molecular motor widens potential applications

Researchers identify targets in the brain to modulate heart rate and treat depressive disorders

New approach could make reusing captured carbon far cheaper, less energy-intensive

Energy trades could help resolve Nile conflict

Experimental malaria monoclonal antibody protective in Malian children

Research demonstrates a new mechanism of order formation in quantum systems

Blood test finds knee osteoarthritis up to eight years before it appears on X-rays

Undocumented Latinx patients got COVID-19 vaccine at same rate as US citizens, study finds

People with rare longevity mutation may also be protected from cardiovascular disease

Nanotechnology news

	High-precision blood glucose level prediction achieved by few-molecule reservoir computing A collaborative research team from NIMS and Tokyo University of Science has successfully developed an artificial intelligence (AI) device that executes brain-like information processing through few-molecule reservoir computing. This innovation utilizes the molecular vibrations of a select number of organic molecules.
	Scientists learn from caterpillars how to create self-assembling capsules for drug delivery Self-assembling molecules that spontaneously organize themselves to form complex structures are common in nature. For example, the tough outer layer of insects, called the cuticle, is rich in proteins that can self-assemble.
	Enhancing memory technology: Multiferroic nanodots for low-power magnetic storage Traditional memory devices are volatile and the current non-volatile ones rely on either ferromagnetic or ferroelectric materials for data storage. In ferromagnetic devices, data is written or stored by aligning magnetic moments, while in ferroelectric devices, data storage relies on the alignment of electric dipoles.

Physics news

	Research demonstrates a new mechanism of order formation in quantum systems Researchers Kazuaki Takasan and Kyogo Kawaguchi of the University of Tokyo with Kyosuke Adachi of RIKEN, Japan, have demonstrated that ferromagnetism, an ordered state of atoms, can be induced by increasing particle motility and that repulsive forces between atoms are sufficient to maintain it.
	Scientists simulate magnetization reversal of Nd-Fe-B magnets using large-scale finite element models NIMS has succeeded in simulating the magnetization reversal of Nd-Fe-B magnets using large-scale finite element models constructed based on tomographic data obtained by electron microscopy.
	Scientists capture X-rays from upward positive lightning Globally, lightning is responsible for over 4,000 fatalities and billions of dollars in damage every year; Switzerland itself weathers up to 150,000 strikes annually. Understanding exactly how lightning forms is key for reducing risk, but because lightning phenomena occur on sub-millisecond timescales, direct measurements are extremely difficult to obtain.
	Large Hadron Collider experiment zeroes in on magnetic monopoles The late physicist Joseph Polchinski once said the existence of magnetic monopoles is "one of the safest bets that one can make about physics not yet seen." In its quest for these particles, which have a magnetic charge and are predicted by several theories that extend the Standard Model, the MoEDAL collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has not yet proven Polchinski right, but its latest findings mark a significant stride forward.
	Unveiling a new quantum frontier: Frequency-domain entanglement Scientists have introduced a form of quantum entanglement known as frequency-domain photon number-path entanglement. This advance in quantum physics involves an innovative tool called a frequency beam splitter, which has the unique ability to alter the frequency of individual photons with a 50% success rate.
	Optical barcodes expand range of high-resolution sensor The same geometric quirk that lets visitors murmur messages around the circular dome of the whispering gallery at St. Paul's Cathedral in London or across St. Louis Union Station's whispering arch also enables the construction of high-resolution optical sensors. Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonators have been used for decades to detect chemical signatures, DNA strands and even single molecules.
	The end of the quantum tunnel: Exact instanton transseries for quantum mechanics In the quantum world, processes can be separated into two distinct classes. One class, that of the so-called "perturbative" phenomena, is relatively easy to detect, both in an experiment and in a mathematical computation. Examples are plentiful: the light that atoms emit, the energy that solar cells produce, the states of qubits in a quantum computer.
	Enhanced superconductivity in monolayer FeSe films on SrTiO₃(001) via metallic δ-doping Interface engineering has been proven to be effective in discovering new quantum states, such as topological states, superconductivity, charge density waves, magnetism, etc., which require atomic-scale heterostructure fabrication. Monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3 substrates has attracted intense interest owing to its remarkable interface-enhanced superconductivity.

Earth news

	Energy trades could help resolve Nile conflict Scientists have shed light on a new, transformative approach that could help resolve a dispute over the Nile river's water resources.
	How to clean up New Delhi's smoggy air An international study led by atmospheric researchers at PSI shows for the first time what portions of particulates in the air over northern India are especially harmful to health.
	A new way to study and help prevent landslides Landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters on the planet, causing billions of dollars of damage and devastating loss of life every year. By introducing a new paradigm for studying landslide shapes and failure types, a global team of researchers has provided help for those who work to predict landslides and risk evaluations.
	Anthropologist documents how women and shepherds historically reduced wildfire risk in Central Italy In the last several decades, large forest fires have increasingly threatened communities across the Mediterranean. Climate change is expected to make these fires larger, hotter, and more dangerous in the future. But fire management lessons from the past could help to improve the resilience of local landscapes.
	Study shows climate change impact on China's dry–wet transition zones Climate change is significantly altering bioclimatic environments in China's dry–wet transition zones, according to a recent study published in the Journal of Hydrology.
	Philippine settlement submerged by dam reappears due to drought A centuries-old settlement submerged by the construction of a dam in the northern Philippines in the 1970s has reappeared as water levels drop due to a drought affecting swathes of the country.
	The Indian villagers who lost their homes to the sea The gentle roar of the ocean lulled Indian mother-of-two Banita Behra to sleep each night, until one day the encroaching tide reached her doorstep.
	In eco-minded California, there's still no constitutional right to clean air and water California may be a leader in the fight against climate change, but the state is years, even decades, behind other states when it comes to granting environmental rights to its citizens.
	Herds of endangered hippos trapped in mud in drought-hit Botswana Herds of endangered hippos stuck in the mud of dried-up ponds are in danger of dying in drought-struck Botswana, conservation authorities told AFP Friday.

Astronomy and Space news

	Research investigates radio emission of the rotating radio transient RRAT J1854+0306 Using the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), Chinese astronomers have investigated radio emission from a rotating radio transient known as RRAT J1854+0306. Results of the study, published April 15 on the preprint server arXiv, shed more light on the properties of this transient.
	Researchers advance detection of gravitational waves to study collisions of neutron stars and black holes Researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities College of Science and Engineering co-led a new study by an international team that will improve the detection of gravitational waves—ripples in space and time.
	China's Shenzhou-18 mission docks with space station A spaceship carrying three astronauts from China's Shenzhou-18 mission safely docked at Tiangong space station Friday, state-run media reported, the latest step in Beijing's space program that aims to send astronauts to the Moon by 2030.
	Japan announces plans to launch upgraded observation satellites on new flagship rocket's 3rd flight Japan's space agency announced Friday a plan to launch a major upgrade to its satellite imaging system, as a new flagship rocket is put to the test for a third time.
	Dark matter: A new experiment aims to turn the ghostly substance into actual light A ghost is haunting our universe. This has been known in astronomy and cosmology for decades. Observations suggest that about 85% of all the matter in the universe is mysterious and invisible. These two qualities are reflected in its name: dark matter.

Technology news

	A framework to compare lithium battery testing data and results during operation Reliably monitoring the amount of lithium (Li) present in rechargeable batteries, specifically in the so-called cathode active material (CAM), is key to understanding the condition of batteries from the time when it is fabricated to the end of its operation. However, a reliable methodology to directly track the active Li in batteries without damaging them does not exist yet.
	New circuit boards can be repeatedly recycled A recent United Nations report found that the world generated 137 billion pounds of electronic waste in 2022, an 82% increase from 2010. Yet less than a quarter of 2022's e-waste was recycled. While many things impede a sustainable afterlife for electronics, one is that we don't have systems at scale to recycle the printed circuit boards (PCBs) found in nearly all electronic devices.
	New approach could make reusing captured carbon far cheaper, less energy-intensive Engineers at Georgia Tech have designed a process that converts carbon dioxide removed from the air into useful raw material that could be used for new plastics, chemicals, or fuels.
	Scientists create new atomic clock that is both ultra-precise and sturdy A team of physicists and engineers at Vector Atomic, Inc., a maker of navigation and communications equipment, has developed a new kind of atomic clock that they claim is both ultra-precise and sturdy. In their paper published in the journal Nature, the group describes the factors that went into building their new clock and how well it has worked during field tests aboard a ship in the Pacific Ocean.
	Researcher develop high-performance amorphous p-type oxide semiconductor Researchers have collaborated on the development of a tellurium-selenium composite oxide semiconductor material. Their efforts led to the successful creation of a high-performance and highly stable p-type thin-film transistor (TFT). The research has been published online in Nature.
	Researchers outline path forward for tandem solar cells As the old saying goes, two heads are better than one. The same is true when it comes to solar cells working in tandem. Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have prepared a roadmap on how to move tandem solar cells—particularly those that mesh different photovoltaic technologies—closer to commercialization.
	Custom-made catalyst leads to longer-lasting and more sustainable green hydrogen production Researchers led by Ryuhei Nakamura at the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan have improved on their green and sustainable method of extracting hydrogen from water by using a custom-made catalyst for the chemical reaction.
	Built-in bionic computing: Researchers develop method to control pneumatic artificial muscles Creating robots to safely aid disaster victims is one challenge; executing flexible robot control that takes advantage of the material's softness is another. The use of pliable soft materials to collaborate with humans and work in disaster areas has drawn much recent attention. However, controlling soft dynamics for practical applications has remained a significant challenge.
	Team develops new testing system for carbon capture in fight against global warming More than 100 facilities designed to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere are in various stages of development around the world. In the United States, the first direct air capture (DAC) plant opened last fall in Northern California. The U.S. Department of Energy is funding four more regional DAC hubs with billions of dollars in seed money.
	US probes whether Tesla Autopilot recall did enough to make sure drivers pay attention The U.S. government's auto safety agency is investigating whether last year's recall of Tesla's Autopilot driving system did enough to make sure drivers pay attention to the road.
	Researchers develop an automated benchmark for language-based task planners If instructed to "Place a cooled apple into the microwave," how would a robot respond? Initially, the robot would need to locate an apple, pick it up, find the refrigerator, open its door, and place the apple inside. Subsequently, it would close the refrigerator door, reopen it to retrieve the cooled apple, pick up the apple again, and close the door. Following this, the robot would need to locate the microwave, open its door, place the apple inside, and then close the microwave door.
	Proof of concept study shows path to easier recycling of solar modules The use of femtosecond lasers to form glass-to-glass welds for solar modules would make the panels easier to recycle, according to a proof-of-concept study conducted by researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
	Google parent Alphabet's Q1 profits beat estimates: company Google's parent Alphabet on Thursday trounced revenue and profit expectations for the first quarter of this year, causing shares to leap more than 12 percent.
	Microsoft expands its AI empire abroad Microsoft, the tech titan most closely associated with AI, has announced nearly $10 billion in investments in artificial intelligence abroad in recent months, the price it is willing to pay to remain a top player in this crucial market.
	ByteDance says 'no plans' to sell TikTok after US ban law Chinese tech giant ByteDance has said it has no plans to sell TikTok after a new US law put it on a deadline to divest from the hugely popular video platform or have it banned in the United States.
	California battery storage increasing rapidly, but not enough to end blackouts, Gov. Newsom says Gov. Gavin Newsom said on April 25 that California continued to rapidly add the battery storage that is crucial to the transition to cleaner energy, but admitted it was still not enough to avoid blackouts during heat waves.
	Cybersecurity firm Darktrace accepts $5 bn takeover Cybersecurity firm Darktrace said Friday it had accepted a $5.3-billion takeover bid from US private equity firm Thoma Bravo, which highlighted the British group's "capability in artificial intelligence".
	Japan to levy big fines with new app rules Japan's cabinet approved Friday legislation that would slap major fines on tech giants like Google or Apple if they block access to third-party smartphone apps and payment systems.
	Cat hides in Amazon return package—then ends up in California 700 miles from home A cat went missing after hiding in an Amazon return package. Then her Utah owner got a call—from hundreds of miles away—that "changed everything."
	Researchers propose framework for future network systems In a new study published in Engineering, Wu Jiangxing's research team unveils a theoretical framework that could revolutionize the landscape of network systems and architectures.
	Reducing operation emissions and improving work efficiency using a pure electric wheel drive tractor Electric tractors are intended to be used in the field instead of traditional fuel tractors and can be used in greenhouse planting, indoor farming, mountainous operations, and other special operating scenarios. Unlike traditional fuel tractors, electric tractors have no exhaust emissions, rapid drive system response, flexible power output, or other advantages.
	A high-fidelity model for designing efficient thermal management surfaces In the past decade, fires from electronic devices and batteries, from small smartphones to electrical vehicles and airplanes, have repeatedly made headlines. Enhanced computational power has led to a large amount of waste heat generation and undesirable temperature rise of electronics.

Chemistry news

	More efficient molecular motor widens potential applications Light-driven molecular motors were first developed nearly 25 years ago at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. This resulted in a shared Nobel Prize for Chemistry for Professor Ben Feringa in 2016. However, making these motors do actual work proved to be a challenge. A new paper from the Feringa lab, published in Nature Chemistry on 26 April, describes a combination of improvements that brings real-life applications closer.
	Thiol-ene click reaction offers a novel approach to fabricate elastic ferroelectrics A research group led by Prof. Li Runwei and Hu Benlin at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a facile and efficient approach to fabricate elastic relaxor ferroelectrics via thiol-ene click reaction.
	Scientists discover safer alternative for an explosive reaction used for more than 100 years The chemical industry has been using a reaction with explosive chemicals for more than 100 years—now Mülheim scientists have discovered a safer alternative. The Ritter Group of the Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung in Mülheim/Ruhr has published a paper, titled "Nitrate reduction enables safer aryldiazonium chemistry," about aryldiazonium in Science.
	One-pot strategy to simultaneously achieve heterodehydrocoupling of hydrostannane and reduction of quinoline Heteroatom tin compounds (SSn, OSn, NSn, PSn) composed of heteroatoms S, O, N, P and tin atoms have attracted intense attention due to their wide applications in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical fields. The current methods for synthesis of such compounds, such as metathesis reactions, addition reactions, and free radical reactions, exhibit drawbacks including narrow substrate scope and harsh conditions. Therefore, it is important to develop efficient synthetic systems to construct heteroatom-tin bond.
	Recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge ash to address problem of diminishing supplies of phosphorus ores Valuable supplies of phosphorus could be recovered from sewage sludge ash, which remains after the sludge has been burned for electric power generation. The method has been developed by chemical engineers Yuuki Mochizuki and Naoto Tsubouchi at Hokkaido University's Center for Advanced Research of Energy and Materials. Their work is published in the journal Resources, Conservation and Recycling.
	Imaging the microstructural landscape of amorphous carbons Prof. Wu HengAn's team from the University of Science and Technology of China has presented six representative phases of amorphous carbons based on large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, achieving a comprehensive microstructural landscape of amorphous carbons.

Biology news

	Study suggests host response needs to be studied along with other bacteriophage research A team of micro- and immunobiologists from the Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Yale University, and the University of Pittsburgh has found evidence suggesting that future research teams planning to use bacteriophages to treat patients with multidrug-resistant bacterial infections need to also consider how cells in the host's body respond to such treatment.
	Scientists suggest using mobile device location data for studying human-wildlife interactions When did you last go anywhere without your cell phone? From maps and weather apps to social media platforms, we give consent for our phones to trace our footsteps and behavior. These curated mobility data are often used for personalized advertisements.
	Experiment reveals strategic thinking in mice Are mice clever enough to be strategic? Kishore Kuchibhotla, a Johns Hopkins University neuroscientist who studies learning in humans and animals, and who has long worked with mice, wondered why rodents often performed poorly in tests when they knew how to perform well. With a simple experiment, and by acting as "a little bit of a mouse psychologist," he and his team figured it out.
	Genomic analysis of a species of zooplankton questions assumptions about speciation and gene regulation When two animals look the same, eat the same, behave the same way, and live in similar environments, one might expect that they belong to the same species.
	Genetic hope in fight against devastating wheat disease Fungal disease Fusarium head blight (FHB) is on the rise due to increasingly humid conditions induced by climate change during the wheat growing season, but a fundamental discovery by University of Adelaide researchers could help reduce its economic harm.
	New structures offer insight into how a bacterial motor powers bacterial chemotaxis, a key infectious process Bacteria existed for millennia before humans and have been infecting us from the beginning. Although we can treat infections through pharmaceuticals, bacteria continue to become resistant to treatment thanks to their rapid evolution. Bacterial infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in 2024, resulting in nearly eight million annual deaths globally.
	Gigantic Jurassic raptor footprints unearthed in China Scientists have discovered the tracks of a 5 meter-long raptor dinosaur, challenging what was previously known about the species' size range.
	New multi-task deep learning framework integrates large-scale single-cell proteomics and transcriptomics data The exponential progress in single-cell multi-omics technologies has led to the accumulation of large and diverse multi-omics datasets. However, the integration of single-cell proteomics and transcriptomics (or epigenomics) data poses a significant challenge to existing methods. Several transformer-based models, such as Geneformer, have significantly changed the paradigm of single-cell transcriptome analysis. However, these methods place significant demands on computational resources.
	Scientists discover higher levels of CO₂ increase survival of viruses in the air and transmission risk A new study has revealed for the first time the vital role carbon dioxide (CO2) plays in determining the lifespan of airborne viruses—namely SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It clearly showed keeping CO2 levels in check helps to reduce virus survival, and therefore the risk of infection.
	Researchers decipher how an enzyme modifies the genetic material in the cell nucleus Inside the cell nucleus, the DNA molecule is found in a densely packed DNA-protein complex known as chromatin. Here the DNA is wrapped around a core of histone proteins and densely packed to form nucleosomes. The structure of the nucleosomes determines which genes are accessible and active and therefore plays an important role in gene regulation. To respond to metabolic signals, changed environmental conditions, and developmental processes, the nucleosomes must undergo repeated dynamic modifications with the aid of enzymes.
	Study details a common bacterial defense against viral infection One of the many secrets to bacteria's success is their ability to defend themselves from viruses, called phages, that infect bacteria and use their cellular machinery to make copies of themselves.
	AI deciphers new gene regulatory code in plants and makes accurate predictions for newly sequenced genomes Genome sequencing technology provides thousands of new plant genomes annually. In agriculture, researchers merge this genomic information with observational data (measuring various plant traits) to identify correlations between genetic variants and crop traits like seed count, resistance to fungal infections, fruit color, or flavor.
	Automated machine learning robot unlocks new potential for genetics research University of Minnesota Twin Cities researchers have constructed a robot that uses machine learning to fully automate a complicated microinjection process used in genetic research.
	Florida dolphin found with highly pathogenic avian flu: Report The case of a Florida bottlenose dolphin found with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, or HPAIV—a discovery made by University of Florida researchers in collaboration with multiple other agencies and one of the first reports of a constantly growing list of mammals affected by this virus—has been published in Communications Biology.
	Long-term research shows herring arrive earlier in the Wadden Sea due to climate change Due to the changing climate, young herring arrive in the Wadden Sea earlier and earlier in spring. That is shown in a new publication by NIOZ ecologists Mark Rademaker, Myron Peck, and Anieke van Leeuwen in Global Change Biology.
	Nature conservation works, and we're getting better at it, says new study To work in nature conservation is to battle a headwind of bad news. When the overwhelming picture indicates the natural world is in decline, is there any room for optimism? Well, our new global study has some good news: we provide the strongest evidence to date that nature conservation efforts are not only effective, but that when they do work, they often really work.
	Granting legal 'personhood' to nature is a growing movement: Can it stem biodiversity loss? Biodiversity is declining at rates unprecedented in human history. This suggests the ways we currently use to manage our natural environment are failing.
	Experts develop way to harness CRISPR technology to deal with antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is continuing to increase globally, with rates of AMR in most pathogens increasing and threatening a future in which every day medical procedures may no longer be possible and infections thought long dealt with could kill regularly again. As such, new tools to battle AMR are vitally needed.
	Feds greenlight return of grizzly bears to Washington's North Cascades The National Parks Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service filed a decision April 25 outlining a plan to capture three to seven grizzlies from other ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains or interior British Columbia and release them in the North Cascades each summer for five to 10 years. The goal is to rebuild a population of 200 bears in a century. In the Lower 48 states, the bears are a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act.
	Corals bred in a zoo have joined Europe's largest reef. This is offering scientists hope Just like the animals on Noah's Ark, the corals arrived in a pair. On Monday, divers with gloved hands gently nestled the self-bred corals from the World Coral Conservatory project among their cousins in Europe's largest coral reef at the Burgers' Zoo in the Netherlands.
	You might find a rare species in your backyard: How global citizen science contributes to biodiversity knowledge While it can be hard for us to notice as we go about our busy lives, cities are filled with indigenous plants, fungi, insects, spiders and other little creatures, as well as birds, frogs and reptiles.
	What dog owners should know about leptospirosis Emmanuelle Butty, med.vet., DACVIM (SAIM), assistant clinical professor at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, sometimes treats dogs with leptospirosis, an infection that can lead to kidney failure and even death.
	Avian ambassadors and tribal perspectives: A bird's eye view of prescribed fire PSW ecologist and tribal liaison Frank Lake wondered how the birds he grew up with in northeastern California were faring. As a Karuk tribal descendant with Yurok family, Lake has a deep connection to the land and the birds that inhabit it. Belted kingfishers, woodpeckers, condors, eagles, and other birds have been part of his ancestors' way of life for thousands of years.
	Umami-rich scrap fish and invasive species can liven up vegetables, says gastrophysicist Greening the way we eat needn't mean going vegetarian. A healthy, more realistic solution is to adopt a flexitarian diet where seafoods add umami to "boring" vegetables. University of Copenhagen gastrophysicist Ole G. Mouritsen puts mathematical equations to work in calculating the umami potential of everything from seaweed and shrimp paste to mussels and mackerel.
	CRISPR is promising to tackle antimicrobial resistance, but bacteria can fight back In his presentation "How to use CRISPR-Cas to combat AMR" at the ESCMID Global Congress, Assistant Prof. Ibrahim Bitar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Plzen, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic, will give an overview of the molecular biology of CRISPR technology in explaining how it can used to tackle antimicrobial resistance.
	How bad are invasive plants for birds? Research suggests large-scale removal may not have intended benefits A prevailing opinion in land management is that non-native invasive plants are of no ecological value and they significantly diminish habitat quality for wildlife. Conservation practitioners allocate significant resources to invasive plant removal, often relying on surrounding native plants to passively fill the void. However, evidence that this practice improves food abundance or quality for wildlife is surprisingly limited.
	New quarantine scheme could reduce risk of rabies reintroduction in the EU following Russian invasion, study finds Rabies is a major concern to both human and animal health, with rabies in dogs and cats widespread in Eastern Europe, and there are concerns the war in Ukraine could pose a greater risk of rabies being reintroduced to the European Union (EU). A four-month period of home isolation of dogs and cats could reduce this risk, new University of Bristol research has shown.
	Wolf connected to livestock killings could be breeding, wildlife officials say Wildlife officials said they will not remove a gray wolf potentially connected to recent livestock killings, despite requests from stockgrowers.
	New process quickly transforms livestock manure into biochar A technology has been developed to quickly convert livestock manure, a significant issue in animal farming, into valuable "black gold" rich in carbon within a day.

Medicine and Health news

	Robotic nerve 'cuffs' could help treat a range of neurological conditions Researchers have developed tiny, flexible devices that can wrap around individual nerve fibers without damaging them.
	Researchers identify targets in the brain to modulate heart rate and treat depressive disorders A new study by researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital suggests a common brain network exists between heart rate deceleration and depression. By evaluating data from 14 people with no depression symptoms, the team found that stimulating some parts of the brain linked to depression with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) also affected heart rate, suggesting that clinicians may be able to target those areas without the use of brain scans that aren't widely available. The findings were published in Nature Mental Health.
	Experimental malaria monoclonal antibody protective in Malian children One injected dose of an experimental malaria monoclonal antibody was 77% effective against malaria disease in children in Mali during the country's six-month malaria season, according to the results of a mid-stage clinical trial. The trial assessed an investigational monoclonal antibody developed by scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and results appear in The New England Journal of Medicine.
	Blood test finds knee osteoarthritis up to eight years before it appears on X-rays A blood test successfully predicted knee osteoarthritis at least eight years before tell-tale signs of the disease appeared on X-rays, Duke Health researchers report.
	Undocumented Latinx patients got COVID-19 vaccine at same rate as US citizens, study finds For undocumented Latinx patients who sought care in the emergency room during the pandemic, the reported rate of having received the COVID-19 vaccine was found to be the same as U.S. citizens, a new UCLA Health study found.
	People with rare longevity mutation may also be protected from cardiovascular disease A new study highlights possible cardiovascular health advantages in individuals with a rare condition known as growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHRD), also called Laron syndrome.
	Coordinating blood vessel activity may be associated with better brain performance Compared with computers, the brain can perform computations with a very low net energy supply. Yet our understanding surrounding how the biological brain manages energy is still incomplete. What is known, however, is that the dilation and constriction cycles of blood vessels, or vasomotion, spontaneously occur in the brain, a process that likely contributes to enhancing the circulation of energetic nutrients and clearing wasteful materials.
	Scientists discover potential biomarkers of environmental exposures in Parkinson's disease A team of Northwestern Medicine investigators has discovered novel DNA methylation patterns in the blood of patients with Parkinson's disease, according to findings published in Annals of Neurology.
	New research sheds light on the weakening immune response observed in older adults A fully functioning immune system is essential to help the body maintain good health, and macrophages play a critical role in maintaining robust immune responses against infections.
	What happens in the brain when we make decisions about money or food Neuroscience researchers from Bochum confirm different strategies when choosing between primary and secondary rewards. The lever is impulsivity.
	How the immune system learns from harmless particles Our lungs are bombarded by all manner of different particles every single day. While some are perfectly safe for us, others—known as pathogens—have the potential to make us ill. The immune system trains its response whenever it encounters such a pathogen. Yet researchers at the University of Bonn have now shown that even harmless particles help to improve the immune response and have published their results in the journal Nature Immunology.
	International study fills data gap on adolescent mental health Surveys involving thousands of adolescents and their primary caregiver have shown the prevalence of mental disorders within the age group is very different across Kenya, Indonesia, and Vietnam.
	Study identifies driver of liver cancer that could be target for treatment Metabolic diseases like obesity can increase the risk of developing liver cancer, research has shown. But how one disease predisposes to the other is unclear. In a new study, Yale researchers uncovered a key role played by a molecule called fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) and found that inhibiting it blocked tumor progression in many cases.
	Neuroscientists investigate how the target of an arm movement is spatially encoded in the primate brain Saturday evening at a well-attended stand-up party. Servers balance trays of appetizers over the heads of the guests. We spot donuts on one of these passing platters and decide in a matter of seconds in favor of the one on the far right. But then the waitress briefly disappears from our field of vision, only to reappear elsewhere. How does our arm know where to reach to grab the donut?
	Biomarkers identified for successful treatment of bone marrow tumors CAR T cell therapy has proven effective in treating various hematological cancers. However, not all patients respond equally well to treatment. In a clinical study, researchers from the University of Leipzig Medical Center and the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology identified several biomarkers that are associated with the response to CAR T cell therapy in multiple myeloma, a malignant tumor disease in the bone marrow. The findings have been published in Nature Cancer.
	How buildings influence the microbiome and human health Over the last 20 years, the life sciences have come to realize that all living beings—from the simplest animal and plant organisms to humans—live in close association with a multitude of microorganisms. Together with the multicellular host organism, these symbiotic bacteria, viruses and fungi, which colonize on and in their tissues and form the so-called microbiome, constitute a primarily beneficial community in the form of a metaorganism.
	Illusion demystifies the way vision works: Experiments imply brightness perception occurs deeper in brain than thought For the first time, research shows that a certain kind of visual illusion, neon color spreading, works on mice. The study is also the first to combine the use of two investigative techniques called electrophysiology and optogenetics to study this illusion. The work is published in the journal Nature Communications.
	Analysis identifies 50 new genomic regions associated with kidney cancer risk In a new analysis of genetic susceptibility to kidney cancer, an international team of researchers has identified 50 new areas across the genome that are associated with the risk of developing kidney cancer. These insights could one day be used to advance our understanding of the molecular basis of kidney cancer, inform screening efforts for those at highest risk, and identify new drug targets.
	Using stem cell-derived heart muscle cells to advance heart regenerative therapy Regenerative heart therapies involve transplanting cardiac muscle cells into damaged areas of the heart to recover lost function. However, the risk of arrhythmias following this procedure is reportedly high.
	Scientists report that new gene therapy slows down amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression There has been a breakthrough in the research on the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Scientists at Umeå University report that the disease progression in a patient with a particularly aggressive form of ALS disease has slowed down considerably with the use of a new gene therapy. After four years on the medication, the patient can still climb stairs, rise from his chair, eat and speak well, and live an active and socially fulfilling life.
	Clinical trial evaluates azithromycin for preventing chronic lung disease in premature babies The early use of azithromycin does not prevent the development of chronic lung disease in premature babies, finds new research by Cardiff University.
	Many children with symptoms of brain injuries and concussions are missing out on vital checks, national study finds Almost a quarter of US children with symptoms of a brain injury or concussion are not checked for the condition, with younger children particularly likely to be overlooked, a new national study finds.
	Air pollution and depression linked with heart disease deaths in middle-aged adults A study in more than 3,000 US counties, with 315 million residents, has suggested that air pollution is linked with stress and depression, putting under-65-year-olds at increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. The research is presented today at ESC Preventive Cardiology 2024.
	Experts develop immune-enhancing therapies to target tuberculosis Experts are working on novel immune-enhancing therapies called host-directed therapies to use the body's own immune system to target tuberculosis, with hopes that they could tackle even the drug-resistant forms of the disease. In a presentation at this year's ESCMID Global Congress (formerly ECCMID) in Barcelona (27–30 April), Associate Professor Susanna Brighenti, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), ANA Futura at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, presents work being done in this area by a collaboration of scientists.
	Making transfusion-transmitted malaria in Europe a thing of the past The current strategy used in Europe to mitigate malaria transfusion risk is efficient with just 10 reported cases over the 20 past years. However, current serological tests used to identify "at risk" donors are not sensitive enough to completely eliminate the risk.
	Climb stairs to live longer, say cardiologists Climbing stairs is associated with a longer life, according to research presented at ESC Preventive Cardiology 2024, a scientific congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
	Homelessness found to be a major issue for many patients in the emergency department Housing insecurity is an issue for one in 20 patients who go to emergency departments at major medical centers in the Southeast, according to a Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) study published in JAMA Network Open.
	Personalized 'cocktails' of antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics hold promise in treating IBS, pilot study finds Personalized "cocktails" of antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics hold great promise in the treatment of a common form of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), according to research presented at the ESCMID Global Congress (formerly ECCMID) in Barcelona, Spain (27–30 April).
	What is childhood dementia? And how could new research help? "Childhood" and "dementia" are two words we wish we didn't have to use together. But sadly, around 1,400 Australian children and young people live with currently untreatable childhood dementia.
	USDA tells producers to reduce salmonella in certain frozen chicken products Poultry producers will be required to bring salmonella bacteria in certain chicken products to very low levels to help prevent food poisoning under a final rule issued Friday by U.S. agriculture officials.
	US approves gene therapy treatment for hemophilia Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer has received US approval for a gene therapy against a form of hemophilia, a rare and inherited blood clotting disorder, the company said Friday.
	Clients got HIV through 'Vampire facial' microneedling treatments Between 2018 and the spring of 2023, a cluster of clients who had gotten 'vampire facial' microneedling skin treatments at a New Mexico spa were diagnosed with HIV, probably via poorly cleaned instruments, a new report finds.
	'Drug take back day' is Saturday: Check for leftover opioids in your home Each year, thousands of Americans head home after a surgery clutching prescription opioids to help ease post-surgical pain.
	Most sudden infant deaths involve unsafe sleep, report finds Safe sleep practices are a matter of life and death for infants. In Cook County, on average, there is one sudden unexpected infant death a week.
	Scientists discover a new signaling pathway and design a novel drug for liver fibrosis A healthy liver filters all the blood in your body, breaks down toxins and digests fats. It produces collagen to repair damaged cells when the liver is injured. However, a liver can produce too much collagen when an excess accumulation of fat causes chronic inflammation, a condition called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). In an advanced state, MASH can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver-related death.
	Study reviews approaches to cocaine treatment for Black Americans A team of researchers at the University of Kentucky have found that both culturally tailored and culturally universal approaches can be effective for cocaine treatment in Black Americans.
	Rising hospital closures disproportionately affect disadvantaged communities Over the past three decades, hospital closures have been on the rise in both urban and rural areas. Real-life consequences take many forms: creating barriers to accessing medical care, increasing transport times and potentially leading to higher morbidity and mortality rates for time-sensitive conditions. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the issue as many areas faced dire shortages of hospital beds.
	Study finds biomarkers for psychiatric symptoms in patients with rare genetic condition 22q A recent study led by UC Davis Health researchers provides new insights into the molecular changes linked to the rare genetic condition 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, or 22q. It found unique biomarkers that could identify patients with 22q who may be more likely to develop schizophrenia or psychiatric conditions, including psychosis, which is commonly associated with 22q. The research was published in the journal Metabolomics.
	Medscape removes education courses for doctors funded by tobacco giant Medical education provider Medscape has bowed to pressure and agreed to permanently remove a series of accredited medical education courses on smoking cessation funded by the tobacco industry giant Philip Morris International (PMI), The BMJ and The Examination have found.
	Study supports gene-directed management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene carriers in Singapore A team of clinician-scientists have conducted the largest study done to date of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer Gene 1 and 2) carriers in an Asian population and refined breast and ovarian cancer risk estimates for this population. The findings, published in The Lancet Regional Health—Western Pacific, will better guide the clinical management of Asian patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.
	Intriguing food reflex discovered with a smartphone Psychologist Hilmar Zech found that overweight people are actually more attracted to food pictures after eating than before. He did so using an old research method that he revamped for use on smartphones. Zech will defend his Ph.D. on 30 April.
	Patients prescribed gabapentinoids at increased risk of drug misuse or overdose, researchers find Doctors and clinicians must exercise extreme caution when selecting patients to prescribe gabapentinoids to, Keele researchers have said, after finding a link between gabapentinoid prescriptions and a higher risk of worse outcomes for patients.
	Preventing high rate of chronic lung disease in world's Indigenous Peoples begins at pre-conception, say researchers Public health strategies must begin at pre-conception and early childhood to attain optimum lung function for the world's Indigenous Peoples who bear a higher burden of chronic respiratory disease, say an international research team in a review published in Lancet Respiratory Medicine.
	Researchers find pregnancy cytokine levels impact fetal brain development and offspring behavior Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine have discovered in a preclinical model that cytokines, proteins that control immune response, circulating in maternal blood during pregnancy may mitigate an offspring's risk for psychiatric conditions. The findings are surprising because circulating maternal cytokines are at such low levels that they were not implicated in fetal brain development and offspring behavior before.
	Gene linked to epilepsy and autism decoded in new study A genetic change or variant in a gene called SCN2A is a known cause of infantile seizures, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability, as well as a wide range of other moderate-to-profound impairments in mobility, communication, eating, and vision.
	Continued Medicare reimbursement declines could threaten access to physicians A new Harvey L. Neiman Health Policy Institute study found that physician reimbursement per Medicare patient decreased 2.3% between 2005 and 2021 when accounting for inflation, despite a concurrent increase of 45.5% in physician services to each patient.
	Canada-wide child care: It's now less expensive, but finding it is more difficult Three years after the federal government launched the Canada-wide early learning and child-care plan (CWELCC), our study conducted through the Atkinson Center for Society and Child Development at the University of Toronto finds mixed results in terms of the plan's ambitions to improve families' access to affordable child care. Across the country care is less expensive, but finding it is more difficult.
	Know the signs of irritable bowel syndrome April is IBS Awareness Month, which makes this a good time to learn about the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS.
	Recognizing symptoms of Parkinson's disease April is Parkinson's Disease Awareness Month, which make this a good time to learn about the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
	Long flu season winds down in US The U.S. flu season appears to be over. It was long, but it wasn't unusually severe.
	Vaccines have a crucial role in tackling antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial resistance is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In 2019, it caused over 1 million deaths globally and was linked to almost 5 million.
	Fully-automated one-click on-site CT-FFR: A tool for evaluating patients with coronary artery disease In a 3-stage study, three cohorts were used for diagnostic performance, and prognostic performance evaluation for this fully automated, one-click, on-site CT-FFR technique. The study was led by Professors Long Jiang Zhang and Guang Ming Lu (Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University). The work is published in the journal Science Bulletin.
	World must act on neurotech revolution, say experts The world is on the cusp of a neurotechnology revolution that could transform human health and welfare, but urgent action is needed to protect brain data, experts told AFP on Friday.
	Breast cancer rates rising among Canadian women in their 20s, 30s and 40s Rates of breast cancer in women under the age of 50 are rising in Canada according to a study which showed an increase in breast cancer diagnoses among females in their Twenties, Thirties, and Forties.

Other Sciences news

	Researchers reconstruct landscapes that greeted the first humans in Australia around 65,000 years ago Seventy thousand years ago, the sea level was much lower than today. Australia, along with New Guinea and Tasmania, formed a connected landmass known as Sahul. Around this time—approximately 65,000 years ago—the first humans arrived in Sahul, a place previously devoid of any hominin species.
	New algorithm cuts through 'noisy' data to better predict tipping points Whether you're trying to predict a climate catastrophe or mental health crisis, mathematics tells us to look for fluctuations.
	Did Vesuvius bury the home of the first Roman emperor? A group of archaeologists, led by researchers from the University of Tokyo, announce the discovery of a part of a Roman villa built before the middle of the first century. This villa, near the town of Nola in southwestern Italy's Campania region, was found beneath a more recent, but still ancient building from the 2nd century.
	Ridesourcing platforms thrive on socio-economic inequality, say researchers Platforms that offer rides to passengers, such as Uber and DiDi, thrive on socio-economic inequality. By modeling the behavior of passengers and self-employed drivers, researchers of TU Delft simulated the market for ridesourcing platforms, evaluating a broad spectrum of (in)equality levels in societies.
	Does fighting inflation always lead to recession? What 60 years of NZ data can tell us There is an ongoing global debate over whether the high inflation seen in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic can be lowered without a recession.
	New rock art discoveries in Eastern Sudan tell a tale of ancient cattle, the 'green Sahara' and climate catastrophe The hyper-arid desert of Eastern Sudan, the Atbai Desert, seems like an unlikely place to find evidence of ancient cattle herders. But in this dry environment, my new research has found rock art over 4,000 years old that depicts cattle.
	Will checking character references really help you find the best candidate for a job? Finding the best person to fill a position can be tough, from drafting a job ad to producing a shortlist of top interview candidates.
	Study finds affordability, not infrastructure, is major barrier to high-speed internet connectivity With a federal subsidy that has provided less expensive or free broadband internet to more than 23 million American households due to run out of money by the end of May, a new University of Massachusetts Amherst study reveals that direct-to-consumer subsidies can be far more effective at connecting households to high-speed internet than expanding broadband infrastructure.
	Research finds pronoun use not only shaped by language but also beliefs Pronouns like "he" and "she" are at the center of much debate as society tries to shift to using more gender-inclusive pronouns like "they"—especially when referring to those with identities that do not fit with traditional pronouns. Research at the University of New Hampshire looked at the use of pronouns in two different languages—including one where all pronouns are identity neutral—and found that people's use of pronouns reflects not just the language they speak but also their ideologies.
	Up in smoke: New study suggests it's time to ditch long-held stereotypes about stoners Stoners are not as lazy and unmotivated as stereotypes suggest, according to new U of T Scarborough research.
	Canadian government plans to amend legislation to allow detained migrants to be held in federal prisons The Canadian government recently proposed earmarking $325 million in the 2024 federal budget to upgrade federal immigration detention centers to hold more people. The budget also proposes to amend the law to allow federal prisons to be used to detain "high-risk" immigrants.
	What do we lose when our old suburbs disappear? I live on the edge of Parramatta, Australia's fastest-growing city, on the kind of old-fashioned suburban street that has 1950s fibros constructed in the post-war housing boom, double-story brick homes with Greek columns that aspirational migrants built in the 1970s and half-crumbling, Federation-era mansions once occupied by people whose names still appear in history textbooks.

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