Science X Newsletter Fri, Mar 1

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for March 1, 2024:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Study observes a room-temperature nonlinear Hall effect in elemental bismuth thin films

Evidence of phonon chirality from impurity scattering in the antiferromagnetic insulator strontium iridium oxide

An AI system that offers emotional support via chat

Scientists make nanoparticles dance to unravel quantum limits

Study identifies multi-organ response to seven days without food

Brown bears digging up artificial forests, study shows

It's not only opposites that attract: New study shows like-charged particles can come together

New microbiome insights could help boost immunotherapy for a range of rare cancers

First US moon lander in half a century stops working a week after tipping over at touchdown

The role of history in how efficient color names evolve

Combining CAR-T cells and inhibitor drugs for high-risk neuroblastoma

Study finds links between chronic opioid use and brain cell, DNA changes

Researchers use GPS-tracked icebergs in novel study to improve climate models

Orcas demonstrate they no longer need to hunt in packs to take down the great white shark

An overgrowth of nerve cells appears to cause lingering symptoms after recurrent UTIs

Nanotechnology news

	It's not only opposites that attract: New study shows like-charged particles can come together "Opposites charges attract; like charges repel" is a fundamental principle of basic physics. But a new study from Oxford University, published today in Nature Nanotechnology, has demonstrated that similarly charged particles in solution can in fact attract each other over long distances. Just as surprisingly, the team found that the effect is different for positively and negatively charged particles, depending on the solvent.
	Producing quantum materials with precision, with the help of AI A team of NUS researchers led by Associate Professor Lu Jiong from the Department of Chemistry and Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, together with their international collaborators, have developed a novel concept of a chemist-intuited atomic robotic probe (CARP).
	Umbrella for atoms: The first protective layer for 2D quantum materials As silicon-based computer chips approach their physical limitations in the quest for faster and smaller designs, the search for alternative materials that remain functional at atomic scales is one of science's biggest challenges.
	Precision pulmonary medicine: Engineers target lung disease with lipid nanoparticles Penn Engineers have developed a new means of targeting the lungs with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), the minuscule capsules used by the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines to deliver mRNA, opening the door to novel treatments for pulmonary diseases like cystic fibrosis.
	Research team develops nanoparticle-based sonodynamic therapy for H. pylori infection Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common pathogen that can be transmitted from person to person. Long-term H. pylori infection has been recognized as a Class I human carcinogen. Currently, the standard clinical treatments for H. pylori infection (i.e., triple and quadruple therapy) rely on oral antibiotics to clear H. pylori from the stomach.
	New class of 2D material displays stable charge density wave at room temperature Quantum materials have generated considerable interest for computing applications in the past several decades, but non-trivial quantum properties—like superconductivity or magnetic spin—remain in fragile states.
	Synergy palladium single atoms and twinned nanoparticles for efficient CO₂ photoreduction The challenge of regulating the electronic structures of metal single-atoms (M-SAs) with metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) lies in the synthesis of a definite architecture. Such a structure has strong electronic metal-support interactions and maintains electron transport channels to facilitate carbon dioxide photoreduction (CO2PR).

Physics news

	Evidence of phonon chirality from impurity scattering in the antiferromagnetic insulator strontium iridium oxide The thermal hall effect (THE) is a physical phenomenon characterized by tiny transverse temperature differences occurring in a material when a thermal current passes through it and a perpendicular magnetic field is applied to it. This effect has been observed in a growing number of insulators, yet its underlying physics remains poorly understood.
	Scientists make nanoparticles dance to unravel quantum limits The question of where the boundary between classical and quantum physics lies is one of the longest-standing pursuits of modern scientific research, and in new research published today, scientists demonstrate a novel platform that could help us find an answer.
	New laser experiment spins light like a merry-go-round In day-to-day life, light seems intangible. We walk through it and create and extinguish it with the flip of a switch. But, like matter, light actually carries a little punch—it has momentum. Light constantly nudges things and can even be used to push spacecraft. Light can also spin objects if it carries orbital angular momentum (OAM)—the property associated with a rotating object's tendency to keep spinning.
	New maser in a 'shoebox' promises portable precision Researchers in Imperial College London's Department of Materials have developed a new portable maser that can fit the size of a shoebox.
	Mass-produced, commercially-promising multicolored photochromic fiber Fiber, as the wearable material with the longest application in the history of humankind, is currently an ideal substrate for wearable devices due to its excellent breathability, flexibility, and ability to adapt perfectly to the 3D irregular shape of the human body. As a means of visualization in the field of functional fibers, light-emitting fiber breaks the rigidity of the traditional display interface and is expected to become an emerging interaction interface.

Earth news

	Researchers use GPS-tracked icebergs in novel study to improve climate models Over the last four decades, warming climate and ocean temperatures have rapidly altered the Greenland Ice Sheet, creating concern for marine ecosystems and weather patterns worldwide. The environment has challenged scientists in their attempts to measure how water moves around and melts the ice sheet because equipment can be destroyed by icebergs floating near the glaciers.
	Study shows glacier shrinkage is causing a 'green transition' Glacier-fed streams are undergoing a process of profound change, according to EPFL and Charles University scientists in a paper appearing in Nature Geoscience today. This conclusion is based on the expeditions to the world's major mountain ranges by members of the Vanishing Glaciers project.
	World resource extraction could surge 60% by 2060, UN warns Extraction of Earth's natural resources could surge 60 percent by 2060, imperiling climate goals and economic prosperity, the UN said Friday, calling for dramatic changes in energy, food, transport and housing.
	Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions hit record levels in 2023: IEA Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions rose to a record level in 2023, but the growth slowed from previous years thanks to continued expansion of clean technologies, the International Energy Agency said Friday.
	Faulty warnings, deforestation turned Philippine rains 'deadly': Study Faulty warning systems, poverty and deforestation of mountains in the southern Philippines turned recent unseasonably heavy rains into deadly disasters, scientists said in a report Friday.
	Not such a bright idea: Cooling the Earth by reflecting sunlight back to space is a dangerous distraction The United Nations Environment Assembly this week considered a resolution on solar radiation modification, which refers to controversial technologies intended to mask the heating effect of greenhouse gases by reflecting some sunlight back to space.
	Measuring and modeling methane emissions in wetlands Global atmospheric methane concentrations have risen steadily since 2006. Growth in agriculture, transportation, and industry are partly to blame, but so too is the rise in biogenic emissions, or emissions from natural sources.
	The artistic flair inspiring greener European cities Arts and culture can bring imagination and momentum to projects for putting urban neighborhoods more in tune with nature.
	Rain offers slight reprieve from largest wildfire in history of Texas Rainfall offered some reprieve from the largest wildfire in the history of Texas, officials said Friday, though dry, gusty conditions were expected to return this weekend for a blaze that has killed two people and scorched a million acres.
	Winds threaten to fuel huge Texas wildfire as blizzard hits California Gusty weekend winds were threatening to worsen a million-acre wildfire that has already killed two people in the southern US, as a monster blizzard engulfed California's mountains Friday.

Astronomy and Space news

	First US moon lander in half a century stops working a week after tipping over at touchdown The first U.S. spacecraft to land on the moon since the Apollo astronauts fell silent Thursday, a week after breaking a leg at touchdown and tipping over near the lunar south pole.
	Physicists suggest a possible way to confirm or deny the existence of the Chinguetti meteorite Three physicists have taken a new look at the circumstances surrounding the mysterious Chinguetti meteorite and developed a means for confirming whether it exists or not. In their paper posted to the arXiv preprint server, Robert Warren, Stephen Warren and Ekaterini Protopapa suggest that there are only a few possible places the meteorite could be and thus a magnetometer-based survey over the region could solve the mystery.
	High-resolution simulations provide new insights into how galaxies are formed Astronomers can use supercomputers to simulate the formation of galaxies from the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago to the present day. But there are a number of sources of error. An international research team, led by researchers in Lund, has spent a hundred million computer hours over eight years trying to correct these.
	An augmented reality assessment designed to test astronaut adjustment to gravity changes When shifting from the microgravity of a spacecraft to the gravity-rich environment of the moon or Mars, astronauts experience deficits in perceptual and motor functions. The vestibular system in the inner ear, which detects the position and movement of the head, must adjust to reinterpret new gravity cues.
	Planning for a smooth landing on Mars A U.S. mission to land astronauts on the surface of Mars will be unlike any other extraterrestrial landing ever undertaken by NASA.
	Hubble captures dense globular cluster NGC 1841 This densely populated group of stars is the globular cluster NGC 1841, which is part of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way galaxy that lies about 162,000 light-years away. Satellite galaxies are bound by gravity in orbits around a more massive host galaxy.
	Astronomers build a 3D map of dust within thousands of light-years If you explore the night sky it won't be long before you realize there is a lot of dust and gas up there. The interstellar dust between the stars accounts for 1% of the mass of the interstellar medium but reflects 30% of the starlight in infrared wavelengths. The dust plays a key role in the formation of stars and the evolution of the galaxy. A team of astronomers has attempted to map the dust out to a distance of 3,000 light years and have just released the first 3D map of the dust in our galaxy.
	When an object like 'Oumuamua comes around again, we could be ready with an interstellar object explorer On October 19th, 2017, astronomers with the Pann-STARRS survey observed an interstellar object passing through our system—1I/2017 U1 'Oumuamua. This was the first time an ISO was detected, confirming that such objects pass through the solar system regularly, as astronomers predicted decades prior. Just two years later, a second object was detected, the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov. Given 'Oumuamua's unusual nature (still a source of controversy) and the information ISOs could reveal about distant star systems, astronomers are keen to get a closer look at future visitors.
	Night-shining cloud mission ends; yields high science results for NASA After 16 years studying Earth's highest clouds for the benefit of humanity—polar mesospheric clouds—from its orbit some 350 miles above the ground, NASA's Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere, or AIM, mission has come to an end.
	How will space transform the global food system? According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), global agricultural production will need to increase by 60% by 2050 to meet the food demands of the growing global population.
	Proba-3's laser-precise positioning An infrared view of a laser-based test campaign—taking place at Redwire Space in Kruibeke, Belgium—which represents crucial preparation for ESA's precision formation flying mission, Proba-3.

Technology news

	Study observes a room-temperature nonlinear Hall effect in elemental bismuth thin films After the advent of 5G, engineers have been trying to devise techniques to further enhance wireless communication technology. To increase these systems' data transmission rate, they will ultimately need to extend their carrier frequency beyond 100 gigahertz, reaching the terahertz range.
	An AI system that offers emotional support via chat The rapid advancement of natural language processing (NLP) models and large language models (LLMs) has enabled the development of new use-specific conversational agents designed to answer specific types of queries. These range from AI agents that offer academic support to platforms offering general financial, legal or medical advice.
	AI outperforms humans in standardized tests of creative potential In a recent study, 151 human participants were pitted against ChatGPT-4 in three tests designed to measure divergent thinking, which is considered to be an indicator of creative thought.
	Unlocking the potential of lithium-ion batteries with advanced binders Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various applications but need improved binders to enhance their performance to meet evolving demands. This is because silicon oxide (SiO), a promising anode material due to its high capacity and low cost, faces several challenges. These include poor conductivity, which leads to slower charging rates, and significant expansion during charging. Effective binders are thus essential to address these issues and ensure enhanced performance and prolonged durability for lithium-ion battery systems.
	Autonomous vehicle technology vulnerable to road object spoofing and vanishing attacks A University of California, Irvine-led research team has demonstrated the potentially hazardous vulnerabilities associated with the technology called LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, many autonomous vehicles use to navigate streets, roads and highways.
	Electrolyte solution reduces Li-ion battery recharging time while capacity remains at low temperatures A team of chemists and engineers affiliated with several institutions has found an electrolyte solution that can be used to reduce the recharging time of lithium-ion batteries while allowing battery capacity to remain comparatively high at low temperatures.
	AI system can convert voice track to video of a person speaking using a still image A small team of artificial intelligence researchers at the Institute for Intelligent Computing, Alibaba Group, demonstrates, via videos they created, a new AI app that can accept a single photograph of a person's face and a soundtrack of someone speaking or singing and use them to create an animated version of the person speaking or singing the voice track. The group has published a paper describing their work on the arXiv preprint server.
	Lithium-ion batteries from drones might find second lives in less 'stressful' devices Taking flight can be stressful—especially for a lithium-ion battery that powers a drone. Too much strain on these cells causes damage and shortens a device's overall lifespan. Research in ACS Energy Letters shows the potential to improve batteries in aerial electric vehicles that take off and land vertically. The team developed a new electrolyte to address these challenges and said the "stressed out" batteries could also have second lives in less strenuous applications.
	Hurricanes and power grids: Eliminating large-scale outages with a new approach Large scale-power outages caused by tropical cyclones can be prevented almost entirely if a small but critical set of power lines is protected against storm damages, a new study published in Nature Energy finds. Scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) developed a new method that can be used to identify those critical lines and increase the system's resilience.
	A large US health care tech company was hacked. It's leading to billing delays and security concerns Health care providers across the country are reeling from a cyberattack on a massive U.S. health care technology company that has threatened the security of patients' information and is delaying some prescriptions and paychecks for medical workers.
	Hackers stole 'sensitive' data from Taiwan telecom giant: ministry Hackers stole "sensitive information" including military and government documents from Taiwan's largest telecom company and sold it on the dark web, the island's ministry of national defense has said.
	Facebook parent Meta to stop paying Australian news media Facebook parent Meta announced Friday it would no longer pay Australian media companies for news, prompting a government warning that the firm was in "dereliction" of past promises.
	Riding high on AI, Nvidia is no bubble, says Wall Street The emergence of AI bots like OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Bard has fueled a massive rise in share prices of chip-making juggernaut Nvidia, with its skyrocketing stock now making it the world's fourth biggest company by market capitalization.
	AI could transform ethics committees The role of an ethics committee is to give advice on what should be done in often contentious situations. They are used in medicine, research, business, law and a variety of other areas.
	Thermal networks: The missing infrastructure we need to help enable carbon-free heating Most of us who live in the Northern Hemisphere have a fundamental problem: we want to reduce our carbon emissions, but we also need to heat our homes.
	A digital twin for flexible parcel postage Non-rigid postal items with flexible packagings—such as poly bags—pose problems for logistics companies during automatic sorting. Thanks to modern simulation methods, there is now a widely applicable solution.
	Innovative domain-adaptive method enables 3D face reconstruction from single depth images Reconstructing a 3D face from visuals is crucial for digital face modeling and manipulation. Traditional methods predominantly depend on RGB images, which are susceptible to lighting variations and offer only 2D information. In contrast, depth images, resistant to lighting changes, directly capture 3D data, offering a potential solution for robust reconstructions.
	EU queries Meta about ad-free subscriptions, 'shadow banning' The EU on Friday used new regulatory powers to query Meta about ad-free subscriptions to Facebook and Instagram as well as claims some voices are suppressed online in a phenomenon known as "shadow banning".
	Musk sues OpenAI over 'betrayal' of mission Elon Musk has launched a legal case against OpenAI, the AI firm he helped to set up in 2015, accusing its leaders of a "betrayal" of its founding mission.
	Don't call it a cyberattack: Nevada Gaming Control Board gives security update The Nevada Gaming Control Board said, Feb. 28, an investigation has confirmed that no personal information was accessed or acquired by any unauthorized persons as a result of a cybersecurity incident in late January.
	A friction-driven strategy for agile steering wheel manipulation by humanoid robots Humanoid robots have been one of the hottest research directions recently. Driving a vehicle can greatly improve the mobility of humanoid robots, allowing them to reach disaster sites faster.
	Spirit Aerosystems shares surge on report of possible Boeing buy Shares of Spirit AeroSystems surged Friday following a report it could be bought by Boeing as the aviation giant seeks to right itself amid its latest safety crisis.
	Universal-TikTok feud ramps up as more songs come down Universal Music Group has lambasted TikTok's approach to AI as the feud between the two companies over song royalties escalates and popular music is expunged from the social media platform.

Chemistry news

	AI technique promotes green hydrogen production using more abundant chemical elements A NIMS research team has developed an AI technique capable of expediting the identification of materials with desirable characteristics. Using this technique, the team was able to discover high-performance water electrolyzer electrode materials free of platinum-group elements—substances previously thought to be indispensable in water electrolysis. These materials may be used to reduce the cost of large-scale production of green hydrogen—a next-generation energy source. The research was published in ACS Central Science.
	Unraveling the structural dynamics of photosystem II with femtosecond X-ray crystallography Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of photosynthesis can enable significant progress in the fields of biotechnology and renewable energy. Photosystem II (PSII), a protein complex, plays a central role in this process by catalyzing the oxidation of water and producing dioxygen using sunlight, a fundamental step in oxygenic photosynthesis. Despite extensive research, the structural dynamics of PSII during the water-splitting reaction, especially at the atomic level and on short timescales, remain largely unexplored.
	Chemical etching method opens pores for fuel cells and more A chemical etching method for widening the pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could improve various applications of MOFs, including in fuel cells and as catalysts. Researchers at Nagoya University in Japan and East China Normal University in China developed the new method with collaborators elsewhere in Japan, Australia, and China, and their work was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
	Researchers observe the effect of magnetic fields on electrocatalytic processes A collaboration between research groups from ICIQ demonstrate how the presence of an external magnetic field alters the reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.
	Adhesives from feathers Adhesives are almost always based on fossil raw materials such as petroleum. Researchers at Fraunhofer have recently developed a process that allows to utilize keratin for this purpose. This highly versatile protein compound can be found, for instance, in chicken feathers. Not only can it be used to manufacture a host of different adhesives for a variety of applications, but the processes and end products are also sustainable and follow the basic principles underlying a bioinspired circular economy. The project, developed together with Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, addresses a billion-dollar market.
	A new type of metallacrown ether based on polyoxometalate opens research opportunities Crown ethers were discovered in 1967. They were then modified by adding a metal-containing unit, creating metallacrown ethers. These metallacrown ethers have been the subject of intensive research. Depending on the molecular makeup of the metallacrown ethers and their resultant architecture, the properties and, therefore, the uses of the metallacrowns can change. They have many different uses currently, and ongoing studies continue to expand their application.

Biology news

	Brown bears digging up artificial forests, study shows Brown bears foraging for food in the Shiretoko Peninsula of Hokkaido, Japan, have been disrupting tree growth in artificial conifer forests, according to a new study published in Ecology. Researchers compared soil and tree samples from human-forested plots with samples from natural forests. They found that the bears' digging for cicada nymphs damaged tree roots and altered the nitrogen content of the soil, which in turn limited the diameter growth of trees.
	Orcas demonstrate they no longer need to hunt in packs to take down the great white shark An orca (killer whale) has been observed, for the first-ever time, individually consuming a great white shark—and within just two minutes.
	New study unveils unique roles of yeast protein complexes in cellular lifespan Assistant Professor Takahiro Kosugi from the Institute for Molecular Science, assistant Professor Yoshiaki Kamada at the National Institute for Basic Biology, and colleagues have developed an advanced molecular cell biology approach by integrating computational redesigning of protein complexes based on the predicted three-dimensional structure in yeast genetics.
	How signaling proteins get to the mitochondrial surface Mitochondria are organelles that are known for providing the energy currency that fuels chemical reactions within cells, but they are also involved in other important processes vital for cell health including the innate immune response to pathogens like viruses, programmed cell death, and communication with the rest of the cell—processes that all play a role in health and disease. The signaling proteins that serve as the mitochondria's interface with the rest of the cell are key players in these processes.
	Study finds vulnerability in pelagic ecosystems Fish and sharks living in the open ocean are impacted more by human pressure than their seabed-dwelling counterparts, according to a new study from The University of Western Australia.
	New software rapidly simulates glycoprotein structures to speed up drug development Proteins not only carry out the functions that are critical for the survival of cells, but also influence the development and progression of diseases. To understand their role in health and disease, researchers study the three-dimensional atomic structure of proteins using both experimental and computational methods.
	Asian elephants mourn, bury their dead calves: Study Asian elephants loudly mourn and bury their dead calves, according to a study by Indian scientists that details animal behavior reminiscent of human funeral rites.
	Team finds novel vehicle for antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance is a significant and growing medical problem worldwide. Researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) and collaborators have found a novel genetic arrangement that may help a common bacterium in the human gut, Bacteroides fragilis, protect itself from tetracycline, a widely used antibiotic.
	Baiting foxes can make feral cats even more 'brazen,' study of 1.5 million forest photos shows Foxes and cats kill about 2.6 billion mammals, birds and reptiles across Australia, every year. To save native species from extinction, we need to protect them from these introduced predators. But land managers tend to focus on foxes, which are easier to control. Unfortunately this may have unintended consequences.
	Livestock guardian dogs create landscape of fear for predators A new study reveals how Livestock Guardian Dogs change predator behavior in ways that both protect livestock and support conservation efforts.
	How cell structure can lead to health issues Human bodies make 2 million red blood cells per second. They each live for 120 days and spend that time zooming completely around the body every 20 seconds, carrying oxygen from the lungs to other tissues and bringing back carbon dioxide that is exhaled.
	Lianas, trees show varied stem xylem structure-function link The xylem of the plant stem performs several important functions. Elucidating the coordination or trade-offs between xylem functions is critical for understanding plant ecological strategy and adaptation to different environments. However, how xylem cell tissues influence their functions among different growth forms remains unresolved.
	Canine teeth reveal new keys to sex estimation in human populations The Dental Anthropology Group at the Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH) has published a paper in the American Journal of Biological Anthropology on the morphological differences between the canines of men and women, underlining their importance in the creation of biological profiles.
	African savanna antelopes need space to survive climate changes Human-caused environmental changes threaten natural ecosystems. These ecosystems are essential to creating and maintaining a rich, resilient, and adaptable biosphere. In East Africa's savanna, antelope populations are vital for a healthy and functioning ecosystem.

Medicine and Health news

	Study identifies multi-organ response to seven days without food New findings reveal that the body undergoes significant, systematic changes across multiple organs during prolonged periods of fasting. The results demonstrate evidence of health benefits beyond weight loss, but also show that any potentially health-altering changes appear to occur only after three days without food.
	New microbiome insights could help boost immunotherapy for a range of rare cancers The microbiome can identify those who benefit from combination immunotherapy across multiple different cancers, including rare gynecological cancers, biliary tract cancers and melanoma.
	Combining CAR-T cells and inhibitor drugs for high-risk neuroblastoma Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a potent emerging weapon against cancer, altering patients' T cells so they can better find and destroy tumor cells. But CAR-T cell therapy doesn't work well in every cancer—including many cases of neuroblastoma, a cancer that begins in young children's nerve tissue and can metastasize to multiple areas of the body.
	Study finds links between chronic opioid use and brain cell, DNA changes A study led by Ryan W. Logan, Ph.D., professor of psychiatry and neurobiology, has found mutations in key brain cells among individuals with chronic opioid use that could shift how we think about treatment strategies for opioid use disorder.
	An overgrowth of nerve cells appears to cause lingering symptoms after recurrent UTIs A perplexing problem for people with recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs) is persistent pain, even after antibiotics have successfully cleared the bacteria.
	Checking womb condition could curb cancer risk, study shows Improved patient care is needed to reduce cancer risk among women with a condition that causes excessive thickening of the womb lining, research shows.
	Study finds daily fiber supplement improves older adults' brain function in just 12 weeks A daily fiber supplement improved brain function in people over 60 in just 12 weeks. The study, published recently in Nature Communications by researchers from the School of Life Course & Population Sciences showed that this simple and cheap addition to diet can improve performance in memory tests associated with early signs of Alzheimer's disease.
	Magnetic resonance surveillance reduces mortality in women at high risk of BRCA1 breast cancer: Study An international study, published in JAMA Oncology, in which the Clinical Oncology group of the Sant Pau Research Institute participated, has revealed that MRI monitoring in women with mutations in the BRCA1 genes significantly reduces breast cancer mortality without the need for preventive mastectomy.
	Study paves the way for better diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases A new Danish study may be the first step towards a much faster and more accurate diagnosis of a wide range of conditions that require regulation of the body's stress hormone, cortisol.
	Researchers uncover how virus causes cancer, point to potential treatment Cleveland Clinic researchers have discovered a key mechanism used by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), to induce cancer. The research points to effective new treatment options for KSHV-associated cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman disease.
	A mental process that leads to putting off an unpleasant task Putting off a burdensome task may seem like a universal trait, but new research suggests that people whose negative attitudes tend to dictate their behavior in a range of situations are more likely to delay tackling the task at hand.
	Early vocabulary size is genetically linked to ADHD, literacy, and cognition Early language development is an important predictor of children's later language, reading and learning skills. Moreover, language learning difficulties are related to neurodevelopmental conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
	New antibodies target 'dark side' of influenza virus protein Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have identified antibodies targeting a hard-to-spot region of the influenza virus, shedding light on the relatively unexplored "dark side" of the neuraminidase (NA) protein head. The antibodies target a region of the NA protein that is common among many influenza viruses, including H3N2 subtype viruses, and could be a new target for countermeasures. The research, led by scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center, part of NIH, was published today in Immunity.
	Large-scale study explores link between smoking and DNA changes across six racial and ethnic groups Smoking changes the way genes are expressed, which later contributes to the development of lung cancer and other smoking-related illnesses. But the link between epigenetics (the study of mechanisms that impact gene expression) and smoking is not fully understood, especially in terms of differences across racial and ethnic groups.
	Prostate cancer test may lead to harmful overdiagnosis in Black men A new study from experts at the University of Exeter has found that a widely used test for prostate cancer may leave Black men at increased risk of overdiagnosis.
	UK's General Medical Council urged to revise terminology for international medical graduates The General Medical Council (GMC) should revise its terminology regarding international medical graduates (IMGs) in the UK, argues a new commentary published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (JRSM).
	Canada unveils framework for universal drug plan Canada on Thursday unveiled a framework for a universal drug plan that, once fully implemented, would mark the biggest expansion of its publicly funded health care system in decades.
	Tetanus vaccine may be in short supply after company stops production In an effort to prevent a shortage, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is advising doctors to conserve the tetanus vaccine because one manufacturer is stopping production.
	2023 to 2024 seasonal influenza vaccine effective for reducing risk, research finds The 2023 to 2024 seasonal influenza vaccine is effective for reducing the risk for medically attended influenza virus infection, according to research published in the Feb. 29 issue of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
	Post-pandemic vaccine hesitancy fueling latest measles outbreak Cases of measles are rising across the country and seem to be striking counties at random, but experts say there is one thing the public health system can do to turn the tide, and that's to stem the post-pandemic vaccine lag and get parents to vaccinate their kids.
	Report shows score comparability in-person, remote proctoring Residents taking the 2020 Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) performed similarly across in-person and remote proctoring—providing evidence of score comparability, according to an American College of Physicians (ACP) research report, "A Comparison of Remote vs. In-Person Proctored In-Training Examination Administration for Internal Medicine", published in Academic Medicine.
	Rate of antidepressant dispensing to young people rose faster after March 2020, especially among females Antidepressant dispensing to adolescents and young adults increased sharply after the COVID-19 pandemic began, particularly among females, according to a new study.
	Repurposed credit card-sized technology improves and broadens use of diagnostic stool tests A patient with gastrointestinal problems pays his doctor a visit. The doctor orders a stool test that will measure fecal bile acids, compounds made by the liver that can also be modified by the intestinal microbiome and are known for facilitating digestion and absorption of lipids or fats in the small intestine.
	Can intergenerational mentorship programs reduce ageism in medicine? Ageism is a problem in health care, and the World Health Organization Global Report on Ageism points to factors such as increased human life expectancy, declines in birthrates, and the lack of investment to address health inequities among older people as reasons for strategies to eliminate ageism.
	Tiny magnetic particles in air pollution linked to development of Alzheimer's Magnetite, a tiny particle found in air pollution, can induce signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, new research suggests.
	Drinking olive oil: A health and beauty elixir or celebrity fad in a shot glass? In the ever-changing world of wellness trends and celebrity endorsed health fads there is a new trend on the scene: daily olive oil shots.
	More schooling is linked to slowed aging and increased longevity Participants in the Framingham Heart Study who achieved higher levels of education tended to age more slowly and went on to live longer lives as compared to those who did not achieve upward educational mobility, according to a new study at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and The Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center. Upward educational mobility was significantly associated with a slower pace of aging and lower risk of death. The results are published online in JAMA Network Open.
	BPA exposure linked to gut microbiota, childhood obesity in new study A synthetic chemical called Bisphenol A, or BPA, is widely used in the production of durable plastic products including eyewear, water bottles and epoxy resins. But it's also an endocrine disruptor, which means that it can interfere with normal hormone functions in the body. Studies suggest that high levels of exposure may be detrimental to human health in a variety of ways; it may also alter the gut microbiome.
	Better sleep is a protective factor against dementia Dementia is a progressive loss of cognitive abilities, such as memory, that is significant enough to have an impact on a person's daily activities.
	Could messages from social media influencers stop young people vaping? A look at the government's new campaign Vaping is on the rise among young Australians. Recent figures from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey show current use of e‑cigarettes among teenagers aged 14–17 increased five-fold from 1.8% in 2019 to 9.7% in 2022–2023. For young adults aged 18–24, use quadrupled from 5.3% to 21% over the same time period.
	Common anti-diabetic drug shows potential in improving outcome after stroke People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of stroke and a worsened outcome after suffering from it. Now, researchers at the Karolinska Institutet have shown that stroke outcome is significantly improved in mice with obesity and type 2 diabetes who have been treated with the commonly used diabetic drugs SGLT-2 inhibitors.
	Acting out dreams can signal a serious disorder Dreams are excursions of our central nervous system, unfolding when the body is at rest, but our brains are in thrall to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. For people with a rare condition, their whole body acts out the dream, sometimes to the point where they leave their bed or even their room.
	Why spatial orientation tests could improve safety assessments for older drivers Older drivers experience greater difficulties behind the wheel if they have worse spatial orientation ability, according to new research from the University of Exeter.
	Researcher advances novel therapeutic agent for hemorrhagic stroke A drug being developed by scientists at The University of Toledo could one day help stroke survivors return to the lives they previously enjoyed.
	Discovery of proteins associated with the progression of dialysis-related amyloidosis Dialysis patients often develop dialysis-related amyloidosis and exhibit bone and joint disorders that impair their activity of daily living. Blood purification devices consisting of hexadecyl-immobilized cellulose beads aimed at removing the precursor protein, β2- microglobulin (β2-m), are used in the treatment of dialysis-related amyloidosis.
	For those with an alcohol problem, are non-alcoholic beverages a wise choice? Although Dry January is behind us, the non-alcoholic beverage trend is showing no signs of slowing. Sales of alcohol alternatives are growing 20% every year.
	Healthy sleep needs a healthy day: Boost exercise to beat your bedtime blues Early riser or night owl, everyone appreciates a good night's sleep. But despite the best of intentions, quality sleep can elude us, sometimes to the point where it can contribute to serious health issues.
	Reasons found for reduced supply of breast milk A new international study led by La Trobe University researchers, and published in PLOS One, has revealed the reasons why some new mothers produce less breast milk than others.
	Latest booster reduces adults' risk of moderate or severe COVID by more than half The most recent COVID-19 booster shot reduces adults' risk of moderate or severe COVID by more than half, according to a new nationwide data study from September 2023 through January 2024, a period of JN.1 variant dominance.
	Algorithm is 20 times quicker than humans at extracting critical medical chart data from imaging reports A form of artificial intelligence called large language modeling (LLM), the same technology behind ChatGPT, could someday improve liver cancer care by extracting important data from medical charts much faster than humans, a recent UCSF study found.
	Blood shortage imperils US ability to treat patients who require blood on any given day Our nation's ability to treat the patients who require blood on any given day—from victims of mass-casualty events to those undergoing treatment for cancer—is in serious peril, according to a new viewpoint paper, "The Bloody Transfusion Problem," published in the JAMA.
	Study results show 25% of pregnant people are not getting enough omega-3 fatty acids Results from a new nationwide cohort study show that, despite strong recommendations in favor of consuming omega-3 fatty acids for optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health, 25% of participants reported rarely or never eating fish during pregnancy, with fewer taking omega-3 supplements.
	Professor studies link between adversity, psychiatric and cognitive decline Saint Louis University associate professor of health management and policy in the College for Public Health and Social Justice, SangNam Ahn, Ph.D., recently published a paper in Journal of Clinical Psychology that examines the relationship between childhood adversity, and psychiatric decline as well as adult adversity and psychiatric and cognitive decline.
	Schizophrenia linked to increased risk for subsequent CVD events Schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, with the association stronger in women, according to a study published online Feb. 27 in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
	Staffing shortages at nursing homes continue: Report Although the pandemic has ended, staffing shortages and employee burnout still plague U.S. nursing homes, a new government report finds.
	The surprisingly complex inner workings of an endocrine tumor There is strength in teamwork, and it turns out that this applies to tumors, too. Researchers from Japan have reported that different types of cells within a single benign tumor may work together to promote the tumor's growth.
	Pediatricians feel less prepared to care for teens' opioid use disorder Primary care pediatricians feel less prepared to manage adolescents' opioid use disorder (OUD) compared with other substances, according to a research letter published online in JAMA Pediatrics.
	Making sense of Mendelian randomization Mendelian randomization, a powerful tool in medical research, helps us understand whether certain factors truly cause disease. This technique uses genetic variations as "natural experiments" to reveal cause-and-effect relationships. However, choosing the proper genetic variations is crucial for accurate results.
	Can a purposeful walk intervention and an activity monitor improve hip replacement patients' daily fitness? A research paper by scientists at Bournemouth University proposed a randomized pilot trial, which aimed to determine the effect of an intervention where outdoor walking distance is used as a goal to increase the daily activity of older adults using a commercial activity monitor at 3 to 6 months post total hip replacement (THR).
	America's biggest pharmacy chains announce abortion pill rollout America's two biggest pharmacy chains said Friday they will begin dispensing prescription abortion pills in a limited number of states where it's legal.
	COVID-19 no longer means five days in isolation, CDC says Americans who test positive for COVID-19 no longer need to stay in isolation for five days, U.S. health officials announced Friday.
	The trek to save many women from cervical cancer Home-test kits and mobile labs for detecting a tumor in tissue near the uterus are improving health care in remote or marginalized communities.
	Movement is key to supporting adults with Down syndrome Over the past few decades, research and greater awareness has helped adults with Down syndrome—and a well-trained support system—to be more physically active in their daily lives.
	Young people at the center of the toxic drug crisis Vancouver may be considered by many as the "best place" to live, but many young people living in the city are facing unprecedented challenges that are making their futures more precarious than ever. Hundreds of youth who call Vancouver home are standing at the intersection of a housing affordability crisis and a toxic drug poisoning public health emergency.
	Expanding the living kidney donor pool to those with Type 2 diabetes With more than 90,000 people in the U.S. awaiting kidney transplants, the demand exceeds the available supply—emphasizing the critical importance of identifying safe ways to broaden the kidney donor pool.
	Peripheral artery system at risk of disease due to family history, lifestyle Most people have heard of heart attacks occurring because of a blocked coronary artery. But the body has two types of artery systems: the coronary artery system, which relates to the heart, and peripheral artery system, which involves the arteries carrying oxygenated blood to the arms, legs, brain and the rest of the body.
	Alabama IVF ruling will have national implications, health experts argue Two health experts from Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy are available to discuss what the Alabama Supreme Court's landmark ruling on frozen embryos could mean for the rest of the country and for the science of human embryo research.
	Public health researcher discusses new push for abortion study retractions A University of Maryland public health researcher joined scholars from institutions worldwide to call for the retraction of four studies purporting to show damaging psychological effects of abortion, including one submitted as evidence in a decision overturning Roe v. Wade and now involved in a current Supreme Court case over availability of the abortion drug mifepristone.
	Targeted drug shows promising ability in treating rare head and neck cancers Experts at University of Michigan Health Rogel Cancer Center have conducted the first study evaluating the effectiveness of a targeted drug for patients with salivary gland cancers (SGC).
	Less chemoradiation is possible for some cancer patients According to a new study from experts at the University of Michigan Health Rogel Cancer Center, some oropharynx cancer patients may qualify for less radiation treatments. This could assist many patients in a quicker return to their normal lives.

Other Sciences news

	The role of history in how efficient color names evolve Suppose two speakers of the same language are playing a guessing game where each has the same color swatches, and Player 1 tries to get Player 2 to guess a hue by naming the color. If the second player consistently guesses correctly as often as possible, that indicates their language has an efficient color naming system.
	Mathematicians prove Pólya's conjecture for the eigenvalues of a disk, a 70-year-old math problem Is it possible to deduce the shape of a drum from the sounds it makes? This is the kind of question that Iosif Polterovich, a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Université de Montréal, likes to ask. Polterovich uses spectral geometry, a branch of mathematics, to understand physical phenomena involving wave propagation.
	Does trying to look younger reduce how much ageism older adults face? Every year, millions of older Americans spend money and time to try to look younger than they are. They color graying hair, buy anti-balding products, use teeth whiteners and wrinkle fillers, and much more.
	Beyond the cafeteria: The economic case for investing in school meals The return on investing in universal school meals is clear. According to a new report, universal free school meals (breakfast and lunch for students regardless of income) have 2.5 to seven times the return in human health and economic benefits in comparable high-income countries.
	The tools in a medieval Japanese healer's toolkit: From fortunetelling and exorcism to herbal medicines "The Tale of Genji," often called Japan's first novel, was written 1,000 years ago. Yet it still occupies a powerful place in the Japanese imagination. A popular TV drama, "Dear Radiance"—"Hikaru kimi e"—is based on the life of its author, Murasaki Shikibu: the lady-in-waiting whose experiences at court inspired the refined world of "Genji."
	Proposed reporting system could help avert bank runs Last year's failures of Silicon Valley Bank and two other financial institutions—after panic-driven runs on deposits—have fueled a longstanding debate in bank regulation: How much transparency is too much?
	New statistical tool to distinguish shared and unique features in data from different sources When facing a daunting dataset, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), known as PCA, can help distill complexity by finding a few meaningful features that explain the most significant proportion of the data variance.
	How open source tech can make Canada's immigration system fairer Federal immigration minister Marc Miller recently announced the government is implementing a two-year cap on the number of international students admitted into Canada.

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