Science X Newsletter Tue, May 7

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for May 7, 2024:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

New accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar discovered

A framework to detect hallucinations in the text generated by LLMs

Scientists create robot snails that can move independently using tracks or work together to climb

Computer models show heat waves in north Pacific may be due to China reducing aerosols

Why getting in touch with our 'gerbil brain' could help machines listen better

New super-pure silicon chip opens path to powerful quantum computers

Bio-inspired materials' potential for efficient mass transfer boosted by a new twist on a century-old theory

Discharge of scrubber water into the Baltic Sea is responsible for hundreds of millions in costs

You're breathing potential carcinogens inside your car, says study

Dogma-challenging telomere findings may offer new insights for cancer treatments

Why parrots sometimes adopt—or kill—each other's babies

Rich molecular language guides tiny liquid droplet formation in cells

Boeing Starliner crewed mission postponed shortly before launch

Chimps shown to learn and improve tool-using skills even as adults

Seeking medical insights in the physics of mucus

Nanotechnology news

	Bio-inspired materials' potential for efficient mass transfer boosted by a new twist on a century-old theory The natural vein structure found within leaves—which has inspired the structural design of porous materials that can maximize mass transfer—could unlock improvements in energy storage, catalysis, and sensing thanks to a new twist on a century-old biophysical law.
	Materials scientists reveal pathway for designing optical materials with specialized properties While we usually think of disorder as a bad thing, a team of materials science researchers led by Rohan Mishra, from Washington University in St. Louis, and Jayakanth Ravichandran, from the University of Southern California, have revealed that—when it comes to certain crystals—a little structural disorder might have big impacts on useful optical properties.
	Smart labs for bespoke synthesis of nanomaterials are emerging In the early 20th century, the development of a catalyst for ammonia synthesis by the Haber-Bosch method took more than 10,000 experiments before it was successful. The development of new materials is a time-consuming and costly process from design to commercialization.
	Nanoparticle researchers develop microfluidic platform for better delivery of gene therapy for lung disease Drug delivery researchers at Oregon State University have developed a device with the potential to improve gene therapy for patients with inherited lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
	Researchers 'unzip' 2D materials with lasers In a new paper published on May 1 in the journal Science Advances, researchers at Columbia Engineering used commercially available tabletop lasers to create tiny, atomically sharp nanostructures, or nanopatterns, in samples of a layered 2D material called hexagonal boron nitride (hBN).
	Researchers establish commercially viable process for manufacturing with promising new class of metals Nanostructured high entropy alloys—metals made from a chaotic mix of several different elements—show a lot of promise for use in industries such as aerospace and automotive because of their strength and stability at high temperatures compared with regular metals.
	Researchers develop nanotechnology for creating wafer-scale nanoparticle monolayers in seconds Nanoscale materials present us with astonishing chemical and physical properties that help materialize applications such as single molecular sensing and minimally invasive photothermal therapy—which were once just theories—into reality.

Physics news

	New super-pure silicon chip opens path to powerful quantum computers Researchers at the Universities of Melbourne and Manchester have invented a breakthrough technique for manufacturing highly purified silicon that brings powerful quantum computers a big step closer.
	Research team discovers new property of light A research team headed by chemists at the University of California, Irvine has discovered a previously unknown way in which light interacts with matter, a finding that could lead to improved solar power systems, light-emitting diodes, semiconductor lasers and other technological advancements.
	Advanced experimental setup expands the hunt for hidden dark matter particles Scientific evidence for dark matter comes from observing how it influences the motion of stars and galaxies. Scientists believe that dark matter may consist of particles. To search for these particles and their billiard ball-like collisions, researchers have used some of the largest, most sensitive experiments ever built.
	The quantum theory of gravitation, effective field theories and strings: Past and present Gravity is one of four fundamental interactions. The most precise description of this force is still provided by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, published in 1915, an entirely classical theory. This description sets gravity apart from the other three forces—strong, weak, and electromagnetism—all described by quantum fields. Therefore, any attempt to unify the four forces must depend on a description of gravity that uses the principles of quantum mechanics.
	Proton-lithium interactions model lays the foundation for unlocking the secrets of stellar reactions The reactions between protons and lithium isotopes, especially lithium-6, are pivotal for several domains ranging from nuclear energy applications to astrophysics. The detailed understanding of these interactions aids in improving models for neutron generation and sheds light on cosmic nucleosynthesis processes. Traditional models have struggled to accurately describe these complex interactions, particularly due to the specific characteristics and reactions of lithium-6.

Earth news

	Computer models show heat waves in north Pacific may be due to China reducing aerosols A team of oceanographers and planetary scientists at the Ocean University of China, working with a pair of colleagues from the U.S. and one in Germany, has found via computer modeling, that recent heat waves in the north Pacific may be due to a large reduction in aerosols emitted by factories in China.
	Discharge of scrubber water into the Baltic Sea is responsible for hundreds of millions in costs Discharge from ships with so-called scrubbers cause great damage to the Baltic Sea. A new study from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, shows that these emissions caused pollution corresponding to socioeconomic costs of more than €680 million (approximately $730 million) between 2014 and 2022.
	Study identifies early warning signals for the end of the African humid period The transition from the African humid period (AHP) to dry conditions in North Africa is the clearest example of climate tipping points in recent geological history. They occur when small perturbations trigger a large, non-linear response in the system and shift the climate to a different future state, usually with dramatic consequences for the biosphere. That was also the case in North Africa, where the grasslands, forests, and lakes favored by humans disappeared, causing them to retreat to areas like the mountains, oases, and the Nile Delta.
	Researchers show that slow-moving earthquakes are controlled by rock permeability Earthquakes are the most dramatic and noteworthy results of tectonic plate movement. They are often destructive and deadly, or at the very least physically felt—they're literally groundbreaking geological events. However not all tectonic movement results in effects that humans can perceive.
	In Brazil, 76% of deforestation in three Amazonian states occurred in a planned agricultural development zone The Brazilian government is discussing the creation of an "agricultural development zone" at the confluence of three states in the Amazon region—Amazonas, Acre, and Rondônia (hence the proposed acronym AMACRO).
	What are nanoplastics? An engineer explains concerns about particles too small to see It's become common to read that microplastics—little bits of plastic, smaller than a pencil eraser—are turning up everywhere and in everything, including the ocean, farmland, food and human bodies. Now a new term is gaining attention: nanoplastics. These particles are even tinier than microplastics—so small that they're invisible to the naked eye.
	What makes people tick environmentally? Research from the University of Canterbury explores the crucial role emotions play in behavior change and decision-making when acting sustainably.
	From fossils to fuel: Energy potential of Mozambique's Maniamba Basin In the ever-expanding search for energy resources, a new study has emerged from Mozambique's Maniamba Basin. A team led by Nelson Nhamutole, a Ph.D. student at the University of the Witwatersrand, and his team of scientists from around the world, shared in an article published in the South African Journal of Geology that Mozambique's Maniamba Basin could be a big source of natural gas.
	From flooding in Brazil and Houston to brutal heat in Asia, extreme weather seems nearly everywhere In sweltering Brazil, worst-ever flooding killed dozens of people and paralyzed a city of about 4 million people. Voters and politicians in the world's largest election in India are fainting in heat that hit as high as 115 degrees (46.3 degrees Celsius).
	Researchers explain how following the dietary guidelines is smart—for you and the climate For the first time, Norwegian researchers have calculated what effect the average Norwegian diet has on the climate and environment and have studied the potential benefits for the climate and environment if we start following a diet in line with existing dietary guidelines.
	No letup yet for flood-battered southern Brazil The rains may have abated, but floodwaters continued their assault on southern Brazil Monday, with hundreds of municipalities in ruins amid fears that food and drinking water may soon run out.
	White House environmental official tours PFAS-site in Minnesota A member of President Joe Biden's administration stopped in the city of Lake Elmo, Minnesota, on May 6 to talk PFAS with local officials, visiting an area that's been at the forefront of contamination just three weeks after the Biden administration released the first-ever drinking water standards for the so-called "forever" chemical.

Astronomy and Space news

	New accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar discovered Astronomers report the discovery of a new pulsar using the Spektr-RG space observatory. The newfound object, designated SRGA J144459.2−604207 (or SRGA J1444 for short), turns out to be a bursting accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar. The finding was detailed in a paper published April 30 on the pre-print server arXiv.
	Boeing Starliner crewed mission postponed shortly before launch The first crewed flight of Boeing's Starliner spaceship was dramatically called off just two hours before launch after a new safety issue was identified, officials said Monday, pushing back a high-stakes test mission to the International Space Station.
	Geologists reveal mysterious and diverse volcanism in lunar Apollo Basin, Chang'e-6 landing site The far side of the moon is a mysterious place that is never visible from the Earth. The most remarkable feature of the moon is its asymmetry between the lunar near side and far side in composition, crust thickness, and mare volcanism. Scientists have not yet reached a consensus on the origin of the lunar asymmetry due to the lack of far side samples, which is one of the most significant remaining questions of lunar science.
	How NASA's Roman mission will hunt for primordial black holes Astronomers have discovered black holes ranging from a few times the sun's mass to tens of billions. Now a group of scientists has predicted that NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope could find a class of "featherweight" black holes that has so far eluded detection.
	What can early Earth teach us about the search for life? Earth is the only life-supporting planet we know of, so it's tempting to use it as a standard in the search for life elsewhere. But the modern Earth can't serve as a basis for evaluating exoplanets and their potential to support life. Earth's atmosphere has changed radically over its 4.5 billion years.
	Video: Using a hopping robot for asteroid exploration One day the SpaceHopper will be deployed on space missions to explore relatively small celestial bodies such as asteroids and moons. These are thought to contain valuable mineral resources that could be of use to humankind in the future. The exploration of these bodies could also give us insights into our universe's formation.
	Hubble views a galaxy with a voracious black hole Bright, starry spiral arms surround an active galactic center in this new NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of the galaxy NGC 4951.
	Billionaire's 2nd SpaceX trip featuring spacewalk aims for early summer launch Billionaire Jared Issacman, who flew to space once with SpaceX, is already set for launch No. 2 in early summer.
	Boeing Starliner crewed mission postponed until at least Friday The first crewed launch of Boeing's Starliner spaceship will have to wait until at least Friday to give ground teams time to analyze a malfunctioning rocket valve, pushing back a high-stakes test trip to the International Space Station.
	A triumph of galaxies in three new images from the VLT Survey Telescope Distant galaxies, interacting galaxies, whose shape has been forged by the mutual gravitational influence, but also galaxies forming groups and clusters, kept together by gravity—they are the protagonists of three new images released by the VLT Survey Telescope (VST).

Technology news

	A framework to detect hallucinations in the text generated by LLMs Large language models (LLMs) are advanced AI-based dialogue systems that can answer user queries and generate convincing texts following human instructions. After the advent of ChatGPT, the highly performing model developed by OpenAI, these models have become increasingly popular, and more companies are now investing in their development.
	Scientists create robot snails that can move independently using tracks or work together to climb A team of roboticists at the Chinese University of Hong Kong has created a robot snail with a helmet-like shell that moves by rolling around on bulldozer-like tracks. They have published a paper on their research in Nature Communications.
	Why getting in touch with our 'gerbil brain' could help machines listen better Macquarie University researchers have debunked a 75-year-old theory about how humans determine where sounds are coming from, and it could unlock the secret to creating a next generation of more adaptable and efficient hearing devices ranging from hearing aids to smartphones.
	Australian engineers develop an ultrasonic cold brew coffee machine A new method to deliver a quality cold brew coffee in less than three minutes solidifies Australia's position as the innovators of modern coffee, according to researchers from The University of Queensland.
	Researchers engineer sound-suppressing silk to reduce noise transmission in a large room We are living in a very noisy world. From the hum of traffic outside your window to the next-door neighbor's blaring TV to sounds from a co-worker's cubicle, unwanted noise remains a resounding problem.
	New process brings commercialization of CO₂ utilization technology to produce formic acid one step closer CCU (carbon capture and utilization), which captures CO2 and converts it into useful compounds, is crucial for rapidly transitioning to a carbon-neutral society. While CCS (carbon capture and storage), which only involves CO2 storage, has entered the initial commercialization stage due to its relatively simple process and low operational costs, CCU has only been explored at the research level due to the complexity of conversion processes and high production costs of compounds.
	Computer scientists discover vulnerability in cloud server hardware used by AMD and Intel chips Public cloud services employ special security technologies. Computer scientists at ETH Zurich have now discovered a gap in the latest security mechanisms used by AMD and Intel chips. This affects major cloud providers.
	Researchers say cybersecurity education varies widely in US Cybersecurity programs vary dramatically across the country, a review has found. The authors argue that program leaders should work with professional societies to make sure graduates are well-trained to meet industry needs in a fast-changing field.
	Nintendo to announce Switch successor in this fiscal year as profits rise Japanese video-game maker Nintendo said Tuesday that it will make an announcement about a successor to its Switch home console sometime before March 2025.
	A second life for discarded lithium-ion cells In 2030, around 1.2 million lithium-ion batteries of electric cars, buses and construction machinery will be decommissioned worldwide because they will reach the end of their planned service life, their warranty will expire or the entire vehicles will be scrapped.
	Smartphone app can unmask forged documents Researchers at ETH Zurich have developed a smartphone app that can be used to check the authenticity of documents and other items. Extracts from the debt enforcement register of the City of Zurich are being made forgery-proof as part of a pilot project.
	Apple's biggest announcements from its iPad event: brighter screen, faster chips and the Pencil Pro Apple on Tuesday unveiled its next generation of iPad Pros and Airs—models that will boast faster processors, new sizes and a new display system as part of the company's first update to its tablet lineup in more than a year.
	Q&A: Economist says EVs can help drive US to carbon-neutral power grid Vehicle standards recently announced by the Environmental Protection Agency establish stringent new goals for manufacturers to slash greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution, pushing the industry to accelerate a transition to electric vehicles.
	Streamlined life-cycle assessments of natural gas systems can inform near-term energy transition The natural gas industry is one of the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters in the United States, and significant amounts of natural gas are used for electricity, heating, and industrial and chemical processes. Strategies like electrification of process equipment could cut GHG emissions in natural gas systems and accelerate transitioning today's energy system to 100% clean electricity by 2035.
	New software trained on photographic database may allow facial recognition beneath the mask During the COVID-19 pandemic, facemasks became almost ubiquitous and still are in some environments. There is a need for face recognition to be able to "see behind the mask" for security and safety.
	Using artificial ground reflectors to boost the efficacy of solar panels Solar energy is a crucial asset in the fight against climate change, and researchers at the University of Ottawa have devised a smart approach to optimize its effectiveness. Their innovative method includes incorporating artificial ground reflectors, a simple yet powerful enhancement.
	Engineers evaluate reliability of pressure relief valves for liquid natural gas tanks in train derailment scenarios Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has helped determine the viability of pressure relief valves for liquid natural gas tanks in the event of a train derailment for the Federal Rail Administration (FRA). The report from the FRA shows that a study conducted by SwRI demonstrates that the pressure relief valves work as designed to prevent overpressurization and explosion if a derailment occurs.
	New large learning model shows how AI might shape LGBTQIA+ advocacy "AI Comes Out of the Closet" is a large learning model (LLM)-based online system that leverages artificial intelligence-generated dialog and virtual characters to create complex social interaction simulations. These simulations allow users to experiment with and refine their approach to LGBTQIA+ advocacy in a safe and controlled environment.
	Researcher explains why we should care more about converging technologies Professor Dirk Helbing of ETH Zurich and Austria's Complexity Science Hub expects future digital technologies to penetrate the human body even more in the future. However, he believes that society is not prepared for the risks involved. In a new article, he puts forward a new legal framework to protect our most intimate data from misuse.
	Amazon says will invest $9 billion in Singapore Amazon said Tuesday it would invest US$9 billion in Singapore over the next four years to expand its cloud computing capabilities in the city.
	US seeks information from Tesla on how it developed and verified whether Autopilot recall worked Federal highway safety investigators want Tesla to tell them how and why it developed the fix in a recall of more than 2 million vehicles equipped with the company's Autopilot partially automated driving system.
	Strengthening Swiss hydropower with science Researchers at ETH Zurich led by Robert Boes are developing specific solutions to optimize electricity production from Swiss hydropower plants. This will ensure that hydropower remains the backbone of Switzerland's electricity supply in the future.
	TikTok challenges potential US ban in court TikTok and its Chinese parent company ByteDance filed a legal challenge against the United States on Tuesday, taking aim at a law that would force the app to be sold or face a US ban.
	Advancing satellite-based PNT service: Low Earth orbit satellite constellations augment the GNSS A study has outlined the critical needs and essential technologies for a low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation to augment satellite navigation systems, significantly improving the Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) services. This research specifically targets the diverse demands of different users for LEO augmented Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), the possible contribution of LEOs to PNT performances, and the key technologies referring to the LEO-based navigation augmentation system.

Chemistry news

	New research confirms that Beethoven had lead poisoning—but it didn't kill him To this day, no one knows for certain what caused the liver and kidney disease that led to Ludwig van Beethoven's untimely death. However, a new letter to the editor in the journal Clinical Chemistry rules out one popular theory, showing that the composer was exposed to lead levels that were high—but not high enough to kill him.
	Study reveals flaw in long-accepted approximation used in water simulations Computational scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have published a study in the Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation that questions a long-accepted factor in simulating the molecular dynamics of water: the 2-femtosecond (one quadrillionth of a second) time step. The femtosecond is a timescale used by scientists to measure the ultrafast processes of atoms and molecules.
	Scientists cook pancakes, Brussels sprouts and stir fry to detect an oxidant indoors for the first time A feast cooked up by UBC researchers has revealed singlet oxygen indoors for the first time. The work is published in the journal Environmental Science: Atmospheres.
	Researchers develop bioinspired Bouligand structure for enhanced mechanical properties Bouligand structures, found in natural materials like fish scales, lobster peritoneum and bones, are known for providing exceptional mechanical properties to biomaterials. While progress has been made in creating bioinspired materials, most research has focused on putting the fibers together. A deeper understanding of how the fibers interact to enhance the mechanical functions is needed now.
	New patent for bio-based polymer to be used in piezoelectric devices UD engineers are the lead inventors on a new patent for making piezoelectric devices, such as sensors and actuators, using Nodax, a biodegradable, bio-based polymer.
	A photocatalyst for sustainable syngas production from greenhouse gases Researchers have developed a novel photocatalyst, named Rh/InGaN1-xOx, which is a nanoarchitecture consisting of rhodium nanoparticles anchored on oxygen-modified indium gallium nitride nanowires grown on silicon substrates.

Biology news

	Dogma-challenging telomere findings may offer new insights for cancer treatments A new study led by University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center researchers shows that an enzyme called PARP1 is involved in repair of telomeres, the lengths of DNA that protect the tips of chromosomes, and that impairing this process can lead to telomere shortening and genomic instability that can cause cancer.
	Why parrots sometimes adopt—or kill—each other's babies Infanticide and adoption in the animal kingdom have long puzzled scientists. While both males and females of many species are known to kill the babies of their rivals to secure sexual or social advantage, other animals have been observed caring for the young of dead or missing comrades.
	Rich molecular language guides tiny liquid droplet formation in cells Peering into a biological cell reveals a bustling microscopic world. The workhorses within this realm are specialized structures called organelles that perform vital cellular functions. Curiously, some organelles defy accepted convention: Instead of being enclosed within a protective membrane, they are without membranes and take the form of isolated liquid droplets. The rules that govern the formation of these droplets, a process called "liquid-liquid phase separation," is a new and hotly pursued area of research.
	Chimps shown to learn and improve tool-using skills even as adults Chimpanzees continue to learn and hone their skills well into adulthood, a capacity that might be essential for the evolution of complex and varied tool use, according to a study published May 7 in the open-access journal PLOS Biology by Mathieu Malherbe of the Institute of Cognitive Sciences, France and colleagues.
	Study sheds light on cancer cell 'tug-of-war' Understanding how cancerous cells spread from a primary tumor is important for any number of reasons, including determining the aggressiveness of the disease itself. The movement of cells into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of neighboring tissue is an essential step in cancer progression that directly correlates to the onset of metastasis.
	Free-forming organelles help plants adapt to climate change Plants' ability to sense light and temperature, and their ability to adapt to climate change, hinges on free-forming structures in their cells whose function was, until now, a mystery.
	Fruit fly model identifies key regulators behind organ development A new computational model simulating fruit fly wing development has enabled researchers to identify previously hidden mechanisms behind organ generation.
	Microbiome studies help explore treatments for genetic disorders A collaboration has led to the identification, in a bacterium of the intestine, of new CRISPR-Cas9 molecules that could have a clinical potential to treat genetic diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, through sub-retinal injections. Anna Cereseto and Nicola Segata of the Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology of the University of Trento have joined forces and combined their expertise to develop new therapies for the treatment of genetic diseases.
	Designing a novel substrate for myogenic differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells Since their discovery, researchers have repeatedly demonstrated the potential medical applications of differentiated cells and tissues generated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However, a significant hurdle to real-world medical applications is related to the substrate used to culture and induce iPS cells into differentiated cell types.
	Loss of large herbivores affects interactions between plants and their natural enemies, study shows Insects and microorganisms that feed on plants, cut up leaves, modify leaf tissue or produce leaf spots and other kinds of damage, are usually known as pests and considered harmful, yet interactions between plants and their natural enemies are important sources of biodiversity.
	Decoding development: mRNA's role in embryo formation A new study at Hebrew University reveals insights into mRNA regulation during embryonic development. The study sheds light on the intricate process of mRNA regulation during embryonic development, providing novel insights into how pluripotent cells adopt specialized identities through gene expression.
	How a 'conductor' makes sense of chaos in early mouse embryos Early embryonic development is tumultuous. It involves a rapid sequence of events, including cell division, differentiation, and lots of compartments moving around within each cell. Like an orchestra performance where each member of the band must start playing at the exact right moment and in perfect harmony, these processes need to be precisely timed and coordinated to ensure the embryo develops normally.
	Using algorithms to decode the complex phonetic alphabet of sperm whales The allure of whales has stoked human consciousness for millennia, casting these ocean giants as enigmatic residents of the deep seas. From the biblical Leviathan to Herman Melville's formidable Moby Dick, whales have been central to mythologies and folklore. And while cetology, or whale science, has improved our knowledge of these marine mammals in the past century in particular, studying whales has remained a formidable challenge.
	Study underscores new strategies to fight drug-resistant bacteria Several billion years ago, a genetic arms race began between bacteria and their viral killers. This seemingly eternal struggle continues today, with implications for diseases killing tens of thousands of people around the world each year.
	In South Africa, tiny primates could struggle to adapt to climate change In the "sky islands" of the Soutpansberg Mountains of South Africa, two closely related species of primate jostle for space. One is the thick-tailed greater galago (Otolemur crassicaudatus), also known as a bushbaby, which is about the size of a large cat and known for its high-pitched, wailing call. The second primate, the southern lesser galago (Galago moholi), boasts big ears and eyes and is small enough to fit in the palm of your hand.
	Researchers reveal how molecular roadblocks slow the breakdown of cellulose for biofuels Cellulose, which helps give plant cell walls their rigid structure, holds promise as a renewable raw material for biofuels—if researchers can accelerate the production process. Compared to the breakdown of other biofuel materials like corn, breaking down cellulose is slow and inefficient but could avoid concerns around using a food source while taking advantage of abundant plant materials that might otherwise go to waste. New research led by Penn State investigators has revealed how several molecular roadblocks slow this process.
	Unraveling isopods' culinary secrets and why it matters for ecosystems New research on desert isopods' dietary preferences is the revelation of the complex factors influencing their food choices. By understanding how these animals meticulously regulate their nutrient intake and prefer biological soil crusts over plant litter, the study highlights the intricate dynamics of trophic interactions.
	Seeing is believing: Observation of migrasomes Migrasomes, novel organelles first reported by Professor Li Yu' s team in 2015, are vesicular structures with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 3 micrometers that form on the retraction fibers at the rear of migrating cells. These structures contain various biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, along with numerous small vesicles, each approximately 50 nanometers in diameter.
	Laboratory and natural strains of intestinal bacterium turn out to have similar mutational profiles Understanding mutational processes in a cell offers clues to the evolution of a genome. Most actively, mutation processes are studied in human cancer cells, while other genomes are often neglected.
	Study reveals differences in DNA folding between neurons and other brain cells, links them to cell functions Researchers from Skoltech and their colleagues have investigated nerve cell regulation. Mounting knowledge of regulation mechanisms could enable a better understanding of how the healthy brain operates and what goes wrong in developmental and oncological diseases associated with regulation errors. The study is published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research.
	New Vincetoxicum species found in Yunnan Vincetoxicum is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae family. It is distributed in Asia, especially in mountainous areas, and most of the known species occur in China and Japan. The extended Vincetoxicum includes about 150 species. In recent years, new species of Vincetoxicum have been reported continuously.
	Experts provide facts about avian influenza for dairy producers While a strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been detected in dairy cattle in nine states—not including New York state—the commercial milk supply continues to be safe, according to a panel of Cornell, New York state and dairy industry experts.
	How a filmmaker, a pile of old shells and a bunch of amateurs are bringing Australia's oyster reefs back Around Australia, hundreds of people are coming together to help a once-prized, but decimated and largely forgotten marine ecosystem. They're busy restoring Australia's native oyster and mussel reefs.
	Grizzlies are returning to Washington's North Cascades. How will that work? Among the jagged peaks of the North Cascades, lush alpine meadows rich with berries and wildflowers blanket valleys carved by glaciers, some threaded with trickling creeks.
	Discovery of structural specialization in myriapod ovaries Elaborate observations reveal the structural specialization within an epithelial layer covering oocytes in the Japanese pill-millipede, Hyleoglomeris japonica, considered absent in Myriapoda. Comparing this result with previous descriptions suggested that metabolic activities in the ovarian follicle cells were reduced during myriapod evolution.
	Study demonstrate improved root growth in radio-cesium contaminated soil Researchers at the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) have identified a way for plants to gain resistance to cesium, a radioactive toxin that can be found in contaminated soil. After manipulating a specific biological signaling pathway, plants were able to resist cesium stress, meaning that their growth was less stunted, at least in the roots. These findings will impact the development of plants capable of growing in cesium-contaminated soil and under other challenging conditions.
	Global meta-analysis quantifies benefits of cover crop use For years, both scientists and farmers have debated whether the use of cover crops—plants used to cover the ground after harvesting of main crops—have a positive or negative impact on subsequent crop yield. Hundreds of studies have been performed on the subject, with each resulting in a different conclusion.
	Deep sea mining could be disastrous for marine animals In a recent study published in Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, researchers of Wageningen University & Research and the University of Bergen have shown that release of deep-sea mining particles can have severe detrimental effects on deep-sea fauna.
	Engineers develop innovative microbiome analysis software tools Since the first microbial genome was sequenced in 1995, scientists have reconstructed the genomic makeup of hundreds of thousands of microorganisms and have even devised methods to take a census of bacterial communities on the skin, in the gut, or in soil, water and elsewhere based on bulk samples, leading to the emergence of a relatively new field of study known as metagenomics.
	Aquatic weed among 'world's worst' expands in northeastern US An article published in the journal Invasive Plant Science and Management provides new insights on a northern hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) subspecies (lithuanica) and its establishment outside the Connecticut River.
	Researchers study the intricacies of homologous recombination and abnormal chromosome bridges Keeping the genetic information stored in genomic DNA intact during the cell division cycle is crucial for almost all lifeforms. Extensive DNA damage invariably causes various adverse genomic rearrangements, which can lead to cell death in the best cases and to the occurrence of diseases like cancer in the worst cases.
	Bsal and beyond: Task force helps stave off amphibian disease threat Amphibians—like frogs and salamanders—are the most imperiled group of animal species in the world; infectious diseases are among the greatest threats to their existence. After a decade of research, a scientific task force is poised to stave off these and other infectious threats to wildlife in North America.
	Snap bean panel reveals variability in leaf, pod color phenotypes A new study led by researchers from Oregon State University explores the significance of vegetable color in consumer choices and agricultural production, focusing on snap beans. The color of snap bean pods, influenced by various compounds, plays a crucial role in commercial appeal and phytonutrient content. The study, conducted over a span of two years, sheds new light on the genetic diversity present within snap beans, providing insights that could revolutionize breeding programs and enhance crop resilience.
	How conservationists brought Melbourne's Merri Creek back from pollution, neglect and weeds I met with a friend for a walk beside Merri Creek, in inner Melbourne. She had lived in the area for a few years, and as we walked beside the creek, past trees, native grasses, a small wetland echoing with frog calls, I talked about how it had looked before we started the site's restoration around 25 years ago. She stopped in her tracks, astonished. "But I thought it had always been like this!" she said.
	Volunteers rid one Australian river of its privet problem—and strengthen community along the way Privet is a popular garden hedge. It grows quickly and responds well to being pruned. But in natural areas, privet is a problem.
	Regulating branch development of petunias Branching is a pivotal determinant of plant architecture, not only influencing the capacity of the plant to adapt to its environment but also significantly impacting crop yield, ornamental characteristics, and production economics of horticultural plants. Delving into the molecular regulation mechanisms governing shoot branching holds significant theoretical and practical importance.

Medicine and Health news

	You're breathing potential carcinogens inside your car, says study The air inside all personal vehicles is polluted with harmful flame retardants—including those known or suspected to cause cancer—according to a new study published in Environmental Science & Technology. Car manufacturers add these chemicals to seat foam and other materials to meet an outdated federal flammability standard with no proven fire-safety benefit.
	Seeking medical insights in the physics of mucus As much as we might not want to think about it, mucus is everywhere in our bodies. It coats our airways and our digestive systems and serves as a first line of defense against pathogens, a habitat for our microbiomes, and a conveyor belt for our insides to keep everything moving smoothly.
	Study finds AI is as good as a physician at prioritizing which patients need to be seen first Emergency departments nationwide are overcrowded and overtaxed, but a new study suggests artificial intelligence (AI) could one day help prioritize which patients need treatment most urgently.
	Why sleep soothes distress: Neurobiology explained A study published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience by an international team including the Woolcock's Dr. Rick Wassing examined research into sleep disorders over more than two decades to prove a good night's sleep is the perfect remedy for emotional distress.
	Researchers report exceptionally small implant for future vision correction A group of researchers from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, University of Freiburg and the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience have created an exceptionally small implant with electrodes the size of a single neuron that can remain intact in the body over time—a unique combination that holds promise for future vision implants for the blind.
	Researchers demonstrate a new mechanism of neural plasticity underlying learning and memory processes Neurons are important, but they are not everything. Indeed, it is "cartilage," in the form of clusters of extracellular matrix molecules called chondroitin sulfates, located in the outside nerve cells, that plays a crucial role in the brain's ability to acquire and store information.
	Study identifies signifiers of severe COVID-19 disease and death Why do some people with COVID-19 experience little more than a sniffle while others end up on a ventilator? And among critically ill patients, why do some eventually recover while others do not?
	Researchers suggest B-cells may play role in lung transplant rejection B-cells infiltrating the lungs may be responsible for one of the most common complications in lung transplantation, which can lead to rejection, according to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
	Almost all counterfeit oxycontin pills contain fentanyl, finds study Lab tests of counterfeit oxycodone (Oxycontin) pills seized by police in Rhode Island in 2022 found 99.3% also contained dangerous fentanyl.
	Three-dimensional retinal electrodes in a convex Braille shape partially restore sight A research team led by Professor Sohee Kim of the Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering in the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology has successfully developed three-dimensional retinal electrodes that resemble convex Braille.
	Key role found for gut epithelial cells in the defense against deadly diarrheal infections Intestinal epithelial cells line the inner wall of the gut, creating a barrier against dangerous bacteria like enteropathogenic E. coli that seek to attach to and destroy this barrier. Such pathogens pose significant risks to human health, including infant deaths due to diarrhea, particularly in developing countries.
	AI predicts tumor-killing cells with high accuracy, study shows Using artificial intelligence, Ludwig Cancer Research scientists have developed a powerful predictive model for identifying the most potent cancer-killing immune cells for use in cancer immunotherapies.
	Researchers use foundation models to discover new cancer imaging biomarkers Researchers at Mass General Brigham have harnessed the technology behind foundation models, which power tools like ChatGPT, to discover new cancer imaging biomarkers that could transform how patterns are identified from radiological images. Improved identification of such patterns can greatly impact the early detection and treatment of cancer.
	AI may help physicians detect abnormal heart rhythms earlier An artificial intelligence program developed by investigators in the Smidt Heart Institute and their Cedars-Sinai colleagues can detect a type of abnormal heart rhythm that can go unnoticed during medical appointments, according to a new study.
	New analysis links resident physicians' exam scores to patient survival How do we know whether newly minted doctors have what it takes to prevent patient deaths? After completing residency training, graduating physicians typically take board certification exams at the time they enter practice—but surprisingly little is known about the ability of these standard tests to predict the things that count the most in a doctor's performance, such as how likely their patients are to survive or to avoid a return trip to the hospital.
	A potential treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: Engineered yeast can transport medicines and lower inflammation Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex condition that requires individualized care to meet the needs of the patient's current disease state. With available medications sometimes causing serious side effects or losing their efficacy over time, many researchers have been exploring new, more targeted ways of delivering medications or other beneficial compounds, such as probiotics.
	New genetic mutation identified for congenital thyroid condition A team of researchers from the University of Chicago, in collaboration with the Free University of Brussels and the University of Washington, have uncovered a genetic mutation in a non-coding region of DNA that alters the regulation of the thyroid, leading to a rare form of congenital thyroid abnormality.
	Mouse study shows intermittent fasting protects against liver inflammation and liver cancer Fatty liver disease often leads to chronic liver inflammation and can even result in liver cancer. Scientists from the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the University of Tübingen have now shown in mice that intermittent fasting on a 5:2 schedule can halt this development.
	Using AI and social media to track depression in communities could offer more reliable assessments than surveys A study that used artificial intelligence (AI) and social media posts to assess the rates of depression and anxiety in nearly half of American counties found that the AI-generated measurements produced more reliable assessments than population surveys.
	Cannabis, nicotine use during pregnancy found to increase rate of infant death fourfold In a new study, Oregon Health & Science University researchers report that combined cannabis and nicotine use during pregnancy is associated with significantly higher risk of poor health outcomes for newborns compared with use of either substance alone.
	Parents' watchful eye may keep young teens from trying alcohol, drugs: Study Teenagers are less likely to drink, smoke or use drugs when their parents keep tabs on their activities—but not necessarily because kids are more likely to be punished for substance use, suggests a new study in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.
	Childhood sedentariness linked to premature heart damage: Light physical activity reverses risk, study shows An increase in sedentary time from childhood causes progressing heart enlargement, a new study shows. However, light physical activity could reduce the risk. The study was conducted in collaboration among the Universities of Bristol, Exeter and Eastern Finland, and the results were published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
	Small pump for kids awaiting heart transplant shows promise in new trial A small, implantable cardiac pump that could help children await heart transplants at home, not in the hospital, has performed well in the first stage of human testing.
	Doppler ultrasound feasible for first-line diagnosis of giant cell arteritis For patients with high clinical suspicion of giant cell arteritis (GCA), color Doppler ultrasound of the temporal artery as a first-line diagnostic tool can avoid the need for other diagnostic tests, according to a study published online May 7 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Ion channel discovery offers hope for long COVID patients Researchers from Griffith University's National Center for Neuroimmunology and Emerging Diseases (NCNED) have made a discovery that could bring relief to those struggling with long COVID.
	Study shows that the cerebellum is involved in processing emotions, with implications for ataxia care For a long time, the fact that the cerebellum plays an important role in regulating our emotions—such as when processing fear—has been ignored. Professor Melanie Mark from Ruhr-University Bochum and Professor Dagmar Timmann from the University of Duisburg-Essen are two of the first researchers to provide experimental evidence that the cerebellum contributes towards both the learning and the extinction of conditioned fear responses. They report on this in the journal eNeuro.
	Study highlights overuse of antibiotics in newborns with suspected sepsis Newborns in Sweden are given antibiotics for suspected sepsis to an unjustified extent. This is according to a study by the University of Gothenburg in more than 1 million newborns. Despite a significant reduction in sepsis rate in the group, the use of antibiotics has not decreased.
	Planters peanut products under recall due to listeria risk Planters peanut products sold at Publix and Dollar Tree in five states are being recalled due to the risk of Listeria contamination, maker Hormel announced.
	Cellular study of Schaaf-Yang syndrome offers better understanding of a rare disease that causes intellectual disability Mutations in the MAGEL2 gene, which cause Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS)—an ultra-rare disease that affects neuronal and cognitive development—generate truncated, non-functional proteins that tend to accumulate in the cell nucleus. Moreover, this progressive accumulation of abnormal proteins could cause a toxic effect in patients affected by the syndrome, who suffer congenital malformations, intellectual disability, alterations in facial features, sleep apnea and joint contractures.
	Gut bacteria metabolite shows promise in fighting inflammatory bowel disease Gut microbiota or the population of microbial inhabitants in the intestine, plays a key role in digestion and maintenance of overall health. Any disturbance in the gut microbiota can, therefore, have a systemic impact. Intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components into beneficial fatty acids (FAs), supporting metabolism and maintaining host body homeostasis.
	Study: Progression of herpesvirus infection remodels mitochondrial organization and metabolism Researchers at the University of Jyväskylä have found that herpesvirus infection modifies the structure and normal function of the mitochondria in the host cell. The new information could help to understand the interaction between herpesvirus and host cells and develop new viral treatments.
	How the drug abemaciclib treats breast cancer The anti-cancer drug abemaciclib (also known as Vernezio) has been added to the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) to treat certain types of breast cancer.
	Terminal lucidity: Why do loved ones with dementia sometimes 'come back' before death? Dementia is often described as "the long goodbye." Although the person is still alive, dementia slowly and irreversibly chips away at their memories and the qualities that make someone "them."
	Researchers make strides in understanding little-known autoimmune myelin-impairing disorder Blindness and paralysis are often the devastating consequences of little-known disease myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). An Australian research collaboration is looking to change this, making huge strides in understanding the condition which could lead to better outcomes in the future.
	The pros and cons of daily caffeine intake Whether it's brewing a cup of coffee at home, ordering a specialty $6 latte from a local coffee shop or cracking open a Red Bull on the way to the gym, the consensus is clear: The prevalence of the caffeinated beverage industry continues to grow. According to the National Coffee Association's Coffee Impact Report, the coffee industry employed 2.2 million people and generated more than $100 billion in wages in 2022.
	Who rules the roost? Research reveals tots play key role in shaping the home environment In a study carried out by experts in child development at the University of York, researchers have found that pre-school children actively select, shape and create their own experiences to match their genetic tendencies.
	Anti-LGBTQ+ restrictions and legislation linked to host of negative health effects In January 2024 alone, more than 280 anti-LGBTQ+ bills were introduced in the U.S. As this type of legislation and policies are becoming more prevalent across the country, a paper from researchers at Rice University concludes that the negative effects are felt profoundly not just by members of the LGBTQ+ community but by those who work in roles supporting them.
	Transfected SARS-CoV-2 spike DNA suppresses cancer cell response to chemotherapy Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19 infection has led to worsened outcomes for patients with cancer. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates host cell infection and cell-cell fusion that causes stabilization of tumor suppressor p53 protein. In-silico analysis previously suggested that SARS-CoV-2 spike interacts with p53 directly but this putative interaction has not been demonstrated in cells.
	AI products for kids promising friendship and learning: Three things to consider Smart toys with internet connections and AI-enabled robots, with capacities for sophisticated social interactions with children, are widely available today. This is no doubt driven by rapid development in Artificial Intelligence, with impacts being widely felt. Companies are looking to enhance productivity and revenue, while governments are considering safety measures in their AI strategies.
	Group-based interventions address HIV stigma Group-based interventions have the potential to address HIV-related stigma among adolescents living with the virus, finds a recent study from researchers at the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis and Makerere University in Uganda.
	Q&A: Going plant-based: Exploring the myths, health benefits More and more of my friends are following the plant-based diet trend. Is that the same as going vegan? Is it healthy for you? What can I actually eat?
	Study compares vestibular endolymphatic hydrops grading methods in Meniere disease In a study published online April 17 in the European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, different grading methods for vestibular endolymphatic hydrops (EH) and the severity of hearing loss are compared in Meniere disease (MD).
	Recreational ultraviolet use tied to cases of photokeratitis Ultraviolet (UV) radiation used for outdoor recreational purposes can be associated with photokeratitis, according to a brief report published online May 2 in JAMA Ophthalmology.
	Biomarkers + patient-reported outcomes up prediction of interstitial cystitis The integration of biomarkers and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) improves prediction of interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome, according to a study published online April 24 in Urology.
	Study finds genetic link between growth during puberty and long-term health conditions A genetic link between height growth during puberty and long-term health in adulthood has been identified by a new study from the University of Surrey and the University of Pennsylvania published in Genome Biology.
	Q&A: Physician discusses unintended consequences of patients having immediate access to test results In a fast-paced digital age where patients can open their test results as soon as they are available, what happens when a patient reads through complicated results without a physician there to help them understand what it all means? And what happens when a patient misinterprets bad news as good news, or vice versa?
	Years after his death, late scientist's work could yield new cancer treatments Some of the final work of a late University of Virginia School of Medicine scientist has opened the door for life-saving new treatments for solid cancer tumors, including breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma.
	Research shows fetal ear shape may indicate rare genetic condition First linked to mutations in the CHD7 gene in 2004, CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder occurring in approximately 1 in 8,500 to 15,000 births. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), CHARGE syndrome is an acronym for coloboma of eyes (C), heart disease (H), atresia of the choanae (A), retarded growth and mental development (R), genital anomalies (G), and ear malformations and hearing loss (E). Diagnosis is often challenging because this disorder manifests differently across individuals.
	Future research on bladder cancer should focus on mechanical changes in tissue, suggest study In collaboration with University Hospital Basel, researchers from ETH are investigating the early stages of bladder cancer. Their findings show that future research should also focus on mechanical changes in tumor tissue.
	Study shows 60% of women with disabilities view cannabis as a 'harmless' drug A growing number of states and territories in the United States have legalized medical and recreational cannabis use. As such, recreational cannabis has been associated with a lower perception of risk of harm in the general U.S. population.
	New study finds increase in exposures to synthetic tetrahydrocannabinols among young children, teens, and adults A sharp rise in exposures to synthetic cannabis products among youth—some leading to hospitalization—highlights the need for increased education around the dangers of exposure and increased focus on safe storage and packaging, according to pediatricians and researchers at Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Central Ohio Poison Center.
	Could getting enough sleep help prevent osteoporosis? As part of the University of Colorado Department of Medicine's annual Research Day on April 23, faculty member Christine Swanson, MD, MCR, described her clinical research on whether adequate sleep can help prevent osteoporosis.
	You're probably not allergic to penicillin, even if you think you are If you're one of the millions of Americans who have a penicillin allergy listed on your medical record, research suggests it's highly likely that this label is inaccurate.
	Examining care and coverage in academic health systems A new study published in Population Health Management, which builds on previous work in the journal, describes the Academic Payvider model, a joint approach to care and coverage aimed at reforming the relationship between payers and providers to enhance value-based care.
	US geographic region results in vastly different anal cancer risk for people with HIV A new study that followed a cohort of more than 110,000 people establishes significant disparities in the risk of anal cancer for people with HIV and for men who have sex with men with HIV, depending on the region of the country they live in.
	Researchers develop reminder system to enhance memory recall A computer model developed by Rutgers University–New Brunswick researchers may have cracked the code on helpful memory cues, similar to how recounting shared experiences with friends can trigger memory recall, according to a study published in Psychological Science.
	Biomarker found to help identify cells that can repair damaged blood vessels Researchers have discovered a protein marker to help identify cells able to repopulate in patients with damaged blood vessels. Their findings, recently published in Circulation, could lead to new therapies for people with endothelial dysfunction, a type of disorder that contributes to coronary artery disease that may occlude with plaque and lack ability to carry sufficient blood into the heart tissue causing a heart attack.
	Sedentary lifestyle puts strain on young hearts, study shows According to a recent Finnish study, high levels of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity from childhood strain the heart in adolescence. High cardiac workload predicts heart failure and other heart diseases. In light of the findings, increasing moderate and vigorous physical activity from childhood onwards is particularly important in preventing heart diseases.
	Study finds obstacles to alcohol, drug treatment higher for rural Americans Rural Americans are less likely to initiate care for substance use disorders and to receive ongoing care compared with those who live in urban areas, according to a new study.
	How TP53 gene loss drives gastric cancer evolution Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth-most common and fourth-deadliest cancer worldwide, presenting significant health challenges, particularly in China, where it is most prevalent and accounts for nearly half of newly diagnosed and death cases. In addition to somatic mutations, the complex pathology of GC is also determined by exposure to external factors like dietary and microorganisms such as Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus anginosus, and Candida albicans.
	Telehealth program created to improve access to specialty care found to reduce reliance on opioids in pain management More Americans suffer from chronic pain than diabetes, heart disease, and cancer combined. Yet, a shortage of pain medicine specialists persists, causing many pain sufferers to seek care in primary care settings.
	Robotic total knee replacement improves outcomes but costs more, finds study Total knee replacements performed with the help of a surgical robot have better outcomes on average than similar surgeries performed manually but can cost significantly more, a new study by UT Southwestern Medical Center researchers shows. The findings, published in Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, could help doctors and patients make more educated decisions on which option is best for each circumstance.
	New PET agent provides same-day imaging for clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients A novel investigational PET imaging agent can rapidly and accurately visualize lesions in clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) patients according to new research published in the May issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.
	Research shows altered regulation of genes linked to prostate cancer among firefighters Firefighters may have an increased risk of prostate cancer due to on-the-job chemical exposures, according to new research from the University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and University of Michigan in collaboration with fire service partners and researchers around the country through the Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study.
	Loneliness common among older informal caregivers, says report On behalf of the Swedish Gender Equality Agency, researchers Lena Dahlberg and Mariam Kirvalidze have done a scoping review of informal caregiving and loneliness.
	'Breaking a promise': California deficit could halt raises for disability workers Families of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities say Gov. Gavin Newsom is reneging on a scheduled raise for the workers who care for their loved ones, and advocates warn of potential lawsuits if disability services become harder to get.
	How the nursing shortage is affecting the Canadian health care system, patients and nurses themselves If you worry that there are not enough health care providers to meet health needs, you are not alone. Seventy percent of Canadians worry about access to care. One factor affecting health-care access is a global nursing shortage.
	South Africa's cesarean birth rates are too high—they can be dangerous for mothers and babies A cesarean section is an important surgical intervention that can save the lives of mother and baby. Cesarean sections are essential in complicated labors such as prolonged or obstructed labor or if the baby is distressed.
	Hormel recalls Planters peanuts and mixed nuts due to possible contamination with deadly listeria Hormel Foods' recall of two Planters peanut and mixed nuts products at two retailers in five states due to possible contamination with potentially deadly listeria doesn't surprise Northeastern University food policy expert Darin Detwiler.
	Meth houses: Time for more testing? A new Flinders University study has found less than 10% of suspected methamphetamine contamination in residences are reported to council environmental health officers (EHOs), raising further concerns more regulations are needed to manage safety and health in the community.
	Study reports on inflammatory, metabolic biomarkers and accelerated aging in cardiac catheterization patients A new research paper titled "Associations among NMR-measured inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers and accelerated aging in cardiac catheterization patients" has been published in Aging.
	The interaction of endorepellin and neurexin triggers neuroepithelial autophagy and maintains neural tube development Neural tube defects (NTDs) rank as the second most prevalent congenital malformation in humans, impacting the central nervous system development in approximately 1 in every 1,000 live births. Over 300 genes, including the HSPG2 gene, are implicated in NTDs in mice.
	Navigating the risks: Safeguarding maternal and fetal health in emergency agitation treatment A recent review article provides critical insights into the management of acute agitation in reproductive-age females and during pregnancy within the emergency departments (EDs). The study emphasizes the importance of considering the safety of psychotropic medications in this demographic population, given the potential risks to both the patient and the fetus.

Other Sciences news

	Contradictory thoughts lead to more moderate attitudes, psychologists find Researchers from the Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID) and the University of Hohenheim present rhetorical tools that can help to reduce the polarization of discussions.
	Expelling students for bad behavior seems like the obvious solution, but is it really a good idea? Two male students have been expelled from a Melbourne private school for their involvement in a list ranking female students.
	Researcher analyzes 3,356 signs to see how language use is changing in three Latino neighborhoods in Philly Signs written in Spanish are becoming less common along North Philadelphia's Golden Block, or El Bloque de Oro—which runs along North Fifth Street from Lehigh Avenue to Allegheny Avenue and is considered the cultural center of the city's long-standing Puerto Rican community.
	Number of religious 'nones' has soared, but not number of atheists—social scientists want to know why The number of individuals in the United States who do not identify as being part of any religion has grown dramatically in recent years, and "the nones" are now larger than any single religious group. According to the General Social Survey, religiously unaffiliated people represented only about 5% of the U.S. population in the 1970s. This percentage began to increase in the 1990s and is around 30% today.
	Who are the immigrants coming to the US on humanitarian grounds, and how can they be supported? Immigration has become a defining issue in the 2024 elections and a major challenge in many U.S. cities. Over the past several years, wars and armed conflict, violent persecution and desperate poverty have displaced millions of people worldwide and propelled the arrival in the U.S. of thousands seeking protection, mainly at the U.S.-Mexico border.
	Risky outdoor play can boost science education Risky play should be incorporated into early childhood science education in nature-based settings to lay early foundations for science education, says Deakin researcher.
	'Doing your own research' can make fake news seem believable While it's healthy to question what we see and hear in the media, those quick internet searches to fact-check news stories can unexpectedly backfire and lead people to believe false stories, according to the director of the University of Oregon's undergraduate journalism program.
	Why do metaphors of space help us understand time? Expressions linking space to time are a common part of our day to day lives. You might say the morning "flew by," or that school exams are "fast approaching." Right now, you might say summer is "just around the corner," while anyone with the vaguest awareness of Game of Thrones will have heard the phrase "winter is coming."
	A guide for early-career researchers in computational science In recent years, a growing number of students have embraced scientific computation as an integral component of their graduate research. Yet since many of them are new to the field, they often have little to no coding experience, or any prior knowledge of computational tools. For many students starting out in the field, this can seem daunting, and leaves them unsure of where to start.
	More feelings of misinformation lead to more news avoidance, study shows As people have more difficulty distinguishing fact from fiction in the United States, they are more likely to feel news fatigue and avoid news altogether, according to a University of Michigan study.
	Educational research should pinpoint anti-Black aggressions to build better policy, scholar writes Educational research has long lumped all people of color together when examining microaggressions perpetrated against them. A University of Kansas scholar has published an article that argues educational research should instead study anti-Black aggressions as scholars originally intended and use the approach to build more equitable policy at the individual and institutional levels.
	The big lesson from past pandemics? Avoid panic buying, says new research COVID-19 upended almost every aspect of daily life, including consumer and retailer behavior. However, it was not the first pandemic that changed how we shop.
	Why legal changes aimed at preventing frivolous litigation motivate firms to avoid recalling products Researchers from University of Adelaide and University of Danang have published a new Journal of Marketing study that examines Universal Demand laws and the unintended consequence of firms becoming less likely to recall products.
	Business-focused anti-poverty initiatives can have unintended consequences A new study of entrepreneurial small businesses created to address poverty in rural Africa found that the introduction of the entrepreneurial model led to unexpected social shifts that made the small business operators a source of friction and social discontent in their communities.
	How do emotions help construct our cultural identity in music festivals? 2022 was a record year for music festivals in Spain, hitting historic highs just two years after the entire country was locked down due to the pandemic. Spain boasts close to a thousand music festivals and a live music industry that earned 459 million euros in ticket revenue alone in 2022. This is almost 200% more than the previous year, according to figures from the Anuario de la Música en Vivo 2023 (2023 Live Music Yearbook) produced by the country's Music Promoters' Association.
	Study shows female gamers only label half of sexual harassment incidents they experience as such A new study from the Kinsey Institute reveals that only 50.5% of women who were targets of sexual harassment during online gaming identified qualifying incidents as such. This figure dropped further to only 42.2% for women who witnessed sexual harassment of other women while gaming.
	How reports of community firearm violence are framed on local television news in Philadelphia Two new studies published in Preventive Medicine Reports and BMC Public Health led by corresponding author Jessica H. Beard, MD, MPH, FACS, of Temple University, more closely examine how reports of community firearm violence are framed on local television news in Philadelphia and the downstream effects of that coverage on the general public's perception of the issue.
	Researchers discover three ingots made of Roman lead in Northern Córdoba Three ingots from the site of Los Escoriales de Doña Rama (Belmez) and dating from the Roman era demonstrate the importance of lead production and exportation in northern Córdoba. Measuring some 45 centimeters long and weighing between 24 and 32 kilos, the ingots are triangular in shape, resembling a Toblerone bar.
	Non-governmental organizations raise concerns about child abuse reporting Community organizations making child welfare reports to Oranga Tamariki say it's not uncommon to be met with delayed decisions or silence, even on high-risk cases, a new Otago study has found.
	Replacing curbside carparking with bike lanes: A 'Robin Hood planning' idea Turning curbside carparks into cycling lanes could improve city accessibility and livability without affecting business revenue, University of Queensland research has found.

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